1. The Layers of the Earth
© Copyright 2006.  M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.

2. The Four Layers
The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The outer core and inner core are even hotter with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!

3. The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple
The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. The crust can be divided into two parts:
continental crust, oceanic crust
Composition: Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al),
Iron (Fe),
Magnesium (Mg),
Sodium (Na),
Potassium (K)
Temperature: up to 500°C
Density: 3 g/cm3
The crust thickness is only about kilometers thick.
Pressure: This layer will have the least amount of pressure
The Crust (solid rock)

4. The Crust
The crust is composed of two rocks. The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite. Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

5. The Crust Outermost layer Mostly rock thinnest layer of the Earth
Has the least amount of pressure
2 types – continental and oceanic.
The continental crust is mostly granite. The oceanic crust is basalt.

6. The Mantle Composition: Iron (Fe) Magnesium (Mg) Silicon (Si)
The Mantle is the largest layer of the Earth.
The mantle can be divided into three parts:
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Lower mantle
Composition: Iron (Fe)
Magnesium (Mg)
Silicon (Si)
Temperature: °C
Density: g/cm3
Thickness: 30 to 2900 km
Pressure: More pressure than the crust

7. The Lithosphere (solid rock)
The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.

8. The Lithospheric Plates
The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid asthenosphere.

9. The Asthenosphere
The middle mantle is composed of very hot dense rock that flows like asphalt under a heavy weight. The movement of the middle mantle (asthenosphere) is the reason that the crustal plates of the Earth move.

10. Convection Currents
The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

11. Convection Currents
The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration.
Safety Caution: Don’t get your face too close to the boiling water!

12. Mantle
The upper part of the mantle and crust is called the lithosphere. (brittle rock)
Molten rock
layer between crust and core
contains most of Earth’s mass
Asthenosphere- (middle mantle) magma from the mantle flows out of active volcanoes on the ocean floor
Causes crustal plates to move (convection currents)
very hot, under a lot of pressure

13. The Outer Core (liquid metal)
The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is composed of the melted metals of nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe).
Temperature: °C
Density: g/cm3
Thickness: 2200 km
Pressure: More pressure than the mantle
The Outer Core (liquid metal)

14. Outer Core
outer core: liquid metal layer that surrounds the inner core
The movement of the hot liquid is believed to cause Earth’s magnetic field.
Composed of Nickel and Iron

15. The Inner Core (solid metals)
The inner core is composed of
Nickel (Ni)
Iron (Fe)
Temperature: 5000 °C
Density: 15 g/cm3
Thickness: 1250 km
Pressure: Under the most pressure
The Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like a solid.

16. Inner Core inner core: solid, dense center of our planet
inner core is made up mostly of iron and smaller amounts of nickel
 Solid Metal
Has the highest temperature
Is under the greatest amount of pressure

17. The End Have we ever seen part of the Mantle? Explain. BONUS:
Find a pair or trio and answer this question:
Have we ever seen part of the Mantle? Explain.
© Copyright 2006.  M. J. Krech. All rights reserved.