1. Mining Frequent Itemsets with Constraints Takeaki Uno Takeaki Uno National Institute of Informatics, JAPAN Nov/2005 FJWCP

2. Mining Frequent Itemsets with Constraints Takeaki Uno Takeaki Uno National Institute of Informatics, JAPAN joint work with joint work with Hiroki Arimura Hiroki Arimura Hokkaido University, JAPAN Nov/2005 FJWCP

3. Knowledge Discovering from Database Knowledge Discovering from Database Finding interesting patterns from large scale databases H H C C C C H H H O O N H H H H databases name C C C person agephone name family person name person age C O O H extract patterns Applications in data engineering, bioinformatics, chemistry, management science, linguistics, etc. person family C H H

4. Frequent Pattern Approach ・ ・ It is difficult to define “what is interesting” in math. terms ・ ・ Popular approach is database ・ ・ Patterns frequently appearing in the database are good candidates for the task - - enumerates candidates of knowledge, - - filter by some constraints to remove unnecessary patterns - - have a “look” at them (evaluate) candidates filtering beer and nappy

5. Frequent Pattern Approach ・ ・ Patterns with high frequencies are something “obvious”   we have to search into low frequency patterns ・ ・ But, there are huge number of patterns with low frequencies ・ ・ Directly finding patterns satisfying the given constraints is important In this talk, we focus on transactions database, and show algorithms for finding frequent patterns satisfying the given constraints efficiently In this talk, we focus on transactions database, and show algorithms for finding frequent patterns satisfying the given constraints efficiently

6. Transaction Database ・ Transaction database T : transactionsitemset a database composed of transactions defined on itemset E T T i.e., T, T ∈ T, T ⊆ E - - basket data - - links of web pages - - words in documents ・ pattern itemset ・ A subset of E is called a pattern or itemset 1,2,5,6,7 2,3,4,5 1,2,7,8,9 1,7,9 2,7,9 2 T ＝ T In practice, the size of T can be over million Takes long time to operate

7. Occurrences of Pattern ・ ・ For a pattern P, occurrence: T occurrence of P : a transaction in T including P denotation: denotation of P : set of occurrences of P frequency: frequency of P : the size of the denotation of P frequent ⇔ P is frequent ⇔ frequency of P is no less than θ, 1,2,5,6,7,9 2,3,4,5 1,2,7,8,9 1,7,9 2,7,9 2 T＝T ＝T＝T ＝ denotation of {1,2} ＝ ＝ { {1,2,5,6,7,9}, {1,2,7,8,9} } patterns included in at least 3 transactions at least 3 transactions {1} {2} {7} {9} {1,7} {1,9} {2,7} {2,9} {7,9} {2,7,9} Frequent pattern mining problem: T given θ and T, find all frequent patterns Frequent pattern mining problem: T given θ and T, find all frequent patterns

8. Backtracking Algorithm ・ ・ “Frequent” is a monotone property, so backtracking algorithm works, starting from the emptyset BackTrack (P) Output P Output P For each item i > max. item of P For each item i > max. item of P If P ∪ {i} is frequent then If P ∪ {i} is frequent then call BackTrack (P ∪ {i}) call BackTrack (P ∪ {i}) φ 1,3 1,2 1,2,31,2,41,3,42,3,4 1 2 34 3,42,41,42,3 1,2,3,4 ・ ・ In practice, very fast ・ ・ Frequency computing is the most heavy part ・ ・ In practice, very fast ・ ・ Frequency computing is the most heavy part

9. Evaluate Computation Time ・ ・ Enumeration takes long time if there are many output, so we evaluate its efficiency by “computation time for each output” (throughput) ・ ・ Recent good implementations of frequent pattern mining takes constant time for each, if the number of output is large ・ ・ But, dealing with constraint checking is not so trivial We show some algorithms for - - maximality in equivalence class, - - constraints on items - - constraints on additional items (rules)

10. itemset lattice Decrease #Solutions: Closed Pattern ・ ・ Closed pattern: maximal one among patterns with the same occurrences φ Enumerate all frequent closed patterns instead of frequent patterns Enumerate all frequent closed patterns instead of frequent patterns Our algorithm: LCM ・＜ ・ Usually, ＃ closed patterns ＜ ＃ frequent patterns ・ ・ Closed patterns do not lose the information of occurrences

11. Enumeration by ppc Extension ・ ・ Any closed pattern is generated from the other closed pattern by: 1.2. 1. adding an item i, and 2. taking maximal (but not uniquely generated) φ i i h ・ ppc extension ・ the generation is ppc extension (prefix preserving closure) if ＜ they have the same prefix (items ＜ i) ・ ・ Any closed pattern is generated ppc extension uniquely by ppc extension of another closed pattern

12. ExampleExample generation ppc extension 1,2,5,6,7,9 2,3,4,5 1,2,7,8,9 1,7,9 2,7,9 2 T ＝ φ {1,7,9} {2,7,9} {1,2,7,9} {7,9} {2,5} {2} {2,3,4,5} {1,2,7,8,9}{1,2,5,6,7,9} ・  ・ usual generation  acyclic ・  ・ ppc extension  tree

13. Time Complexity ・ T ・ One ppc extension needs O(|| T ||) time T T ( || T || is sum of sizes of transactions, i.e., ∑|T|, T ∈ T ) ・ ・ There are at most |I| candidates for ppc extensions (I: pattern)  T  Closed patterns can be enumerated in O(|I||| T ||) time for each (without extra memory for previously found patterns) ・ ・ In practice, computation time can be smaller, by - - recursively reduce the database, - - generate candidates at once by sweeping the reduced database   O(1) time for each, if ＃ outputs is large enough for input size

14. Experimental Result ・ ・ Usually, very fast, rather than other algorithms (except for dense databases) BEST Award: implementation competition FIMI ‘04

15. Constraints on Weight, Size, etc. ・ ・ It is not difficult to add constraints w.r.t. weights - - lower, and/or upper bounds on - - size, sum, max., min., ave., variance, of - - item or transaction weights itemset lattice φ If the constraints are unti-monotone, still linear time in ＃ solutions Even if it is monotone, usually linear if ＃ solutions is large

16. Non-monotone Constraints ・ ・ Hardness depends on the properties of the constraints - - Find patterns with constraints, then check frequency&closedness - - Find closed patterns then check the constraints itemset lattice φ FASTFAST SLOW ・ ・ Especially, if constraints are given on the items (ex., include A or B if it includes C, etc) the time for checking is very short, rather than frequency computing   slight increase of computation time - - Logical constraints - - Highly dependent patterns (frequency >> Πfrequency of its items) FAST

17. Association Rule Mining ・  ・ Association rule is a rule of the form (a,b,c)  d ・ ・ If transactions including d (not including d) are high ratio among transactions including (a,b,c),  rule (a,b,c)  d (¬d) is reliable, and characterize database Finding good rules is important problem ・ ・ (a,b,c) has to be frequent, so that the rule is common in the database ・ ・ However, evaluating the ratio for each pair of closed pattern and item takes so long time, by simple way

18. Occurrence Deliver ・ ・ Compute the denotations of P ∪ {i} for all i’s at once, 1,2,5,6,7,9 2,3,4,5 1,2,7,8,9 1,7,9 2,7,9 2 T＝T ＝T＝T ＝ A125679 B2345 C12789 D179 E279 F2 P = {1,7} AAA CC Check the frequency for all items to be added in linear time of the database size Check the frequency for all items to be added in linear time of the database size frequency of item = reliability of rule Computed in short time frequency of item = reliability of rule Computed in short time A C D

19. results

20. ConclusionConclusion ・ ・ We see algorithms for enumerating frequent pattern with constraints ・ ・ Closed patterns: decreasing #solution without loosing information -LCM - algorithm LCM ・ ・ Closed patterns with monotone/unti-monotone/general constraints ・ ・ Rule mining with closed patterns Algorithm sense, we can do. How to implement in simple and easy way? Closed pattern for other kind of patterns