1. The Flat World and Education How America’s Commitment to Equity will Determine our Future Book Review by Jacqueline Gaffner EDU 8306 Diversity Frameworks Dr. Robles-Goodwin

2. Summary Part of a Multicultural Series The World is Flat – meaning? “The global competitive playing field was being leveled. The world was being flattened.”

3. How America is Losing Ground Opportunity Gap ▫Differences in access to:  highly-qualified teachers  Higher pay areas  Turnover in struggling schools  Unqualified teachers with emergency credentials  high-quality curriculum  Courses offered  Cognitive level of instruction  early learning opportunities ▫“Education debt” – (Ladson-Billings)

4. Testing Issues PISA, NAEP scores lagging Pressures leading to discrepancies in testing: ▫Lowering expectations  making tests easier  reducing passing scores ▫Keeping students out of the testing pool  Holding students back  Encouraging them to drop out Both Texas and Massachusetts accomplished their goal of raising test scores using these methods

5. Funding Issues ▫Funding based on local property taxes ▫Differences affect per-pupil expenditures ▫Poverty rates and social supports ▫Salaries for teachers ▫Teacher turnover costs districts – recruitment, hiring, training Question: What is the biggest factor to improve student achievement?

6. Examples – Great, Good and California State Examples: ▫NC and CT  Focused on teachers  Built knowledge and skills  Equalized teacher salaries  Eliminated emergency credentials  Subsidies for teachers in high-need areas  Mentoring for new teachers  Ongoing professional development  Pushed for national accreditation  Assessments redesigned  Invested in school leadership

7. California (1979) Proposition 13 passed ▫Limited property taxes ▫Reduced educational funding for low-income areas. Unequal salaries for teachers ▫Great disparities in qualified teachers ▫Emergency credentials to unqualified teachers CA has scored in the bottom five on the NAEP since 2000. Programs implemented and then cut Scripted curriculum in low-income districts, Governmental lack of support

8. Country Examples Country Examples: ▫Finland  strong emphasis on “multiculturality”  “prevention of learning difficulties and exclusion” ▫Korea  Education Committee’s ideal educated person - “Hong Ik In Gan” which means “a person devoted to the welfare of the people” ▫Singapore  National bilingual language policy (1966)  Government sees the population as their only natural resource, and the Education system as their primary resource developer

9. Common Themes of Success Stories Schools funded adequately and equitably New perspective on examinations National standards and curriculum revisions – less is more, higher level Strengthen teacher education, sometimes providing funding – building professionalism and respect Ongoing teacher learning supported ▫Mentorship ▫Providing time for collaboration Consistent, long-term reforms – managed by education ministers, less influenced by political interests

10. Critique Great book, very informative, a lot of statistical information provided Series – great resources for multicultural education Title – “How America’s commitment to equity will determine our future”

11. Recommendations “We cannot just bail ourselves out of this crisis. We must teach our way out” (Darling-Hammond, 2010, p. 3). Focus on teachers as professionals ▫Preparation ▫Mentoring ▫Salaries ▫Support from qualified leaders ▫Seeking input in decision-making Focus on assessment to guide curriculum, and personalize instruction to meet all students’ needs Provide challenging and relevant instruction for all students Provide equitable funding View students as a natural resource Look at examples of success stories, without losing focus on our particular situation and needs

12. References Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). The flat world and education: How America's commitment to equity will determine our future. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.