2. Tumor Biomarkers are high lightened Once Again

3. Cancer Facts Cancer etiology Tumor Genetics Tumor MarkersLocation Classification Uses methods of detection Examples Drawbacks Agenda

4. Overall cancer burden according to GLOBOCAN database 2013 Cancer was estimated to account for around 14% of all deaths (due to any cause) worldwide in 2012 It is estimated there will be almost 22.2 million new cases diagnosed annually worldwide by 2030.

5. Cancer GenesViralChemicalsRadiation

6. Molecular Etiological Mechanism of Cancer

7. Point MutationsMicrosatellite AlterationsPromoter hypermethylationViral DNA incorporation

8. Point mutations in RNAOver/under expression of RNATranscription miscodingDNA mutations in mitochondria

9. Structural alterations in proteinsChanges in enzymatic activityMislocalization of proteinAltered protein expression

10. It may be surprising that about one-third of all cancer cases could be prevented if Detected at an early enough stage.

11. Cancer Diagnosis Pathological examination Tumor marker

12. Biological substances synthesized and released by cancer cells themselves or Produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor

13. Tissue Biological fluid Location of tumor marker

14. Tumor markers on the cell surface Involved in adhesion, motility, metastasis Can induce immune response Expressed early in malignant transformation Shed by cancer cells into serum

16. Nucleic acid Protein, Carbohydrate or lipid Hormones,Enzymes, Receptors Small molecules TUMOR MARKERS

17. 16 Tumour Markers: - Criteria of an Ideal Tumour Marker: - –Specific –Sensitive –The method of assay must be cheap & easy

18. Screening Early Detection DiagnosisMonitor

19. a link between quantity of the marker and disease Quantitative a link between existence of a marker and disease Qualitative

20. Bionanotechnology Expression of proteins Expression of gene either at DNA or RNA

21. BionanotechnologyProteomic approachGenomic approach

23. Tumor Markers Drawbacks Lack of specificity Cancer heterogeneity False negatives Benign diseases positive CA 125 or CEA Smokers have raised CEA

24. The 12-Gene Oncotype DX ® Colon Cancer Recurrence Score ® 7 CANCER RELATED GENES Ki-67 C-MYC MYBL2 Ki-67 C-MYC MYBL2 FAP BGN INHBA FAP BGN INHBA GADD45B Cell CycleStromal

25. Thus, discovery of novel specific biomarkers are needed that may provide informative clues for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

27. 26 THANK YOU THANK YOU