1. University of Utah 1 Fortran Assignment Questions?

2. University of Utah 2 Computer Science Origins in 1950s -LGP-30 and IBM 650 1964 -12 universities w/ CS 1968 -100 universities w/ CS

3. University of Utah 3 Computer Science What is it? -Use of computers for university administrative work? -Study of computer hardware? -Study of algorithms?

4. University of Utah 4 Computer Science ACM “Curriculum '68” -Math, theory, algorithms -Why is this ironic?

5. University of Utah 5 Also in 1968 “Art of Computer Programming” by Donald Knuth -Emphasis on algorithms

6. University of Utah 6 Also in 1968 Structured programming -“GOTO considered harmful”

7. University of Utah 7 Also in 1968 TRAC programming language -Copyrighted software!!!

8. University of Utah 8 Also in 1968 Conference on “Software Engineering” -Sponsored by NATO -Called for more discipline in programming

9. University of Utah 9 Also in 1968 IBM “unbundles” its software -Originally, hardware and software were sold together -Software is now buyable and sellable -Room for competition!

10. University of Utah 10 10 Evolution of Software Not foreseen by computer pioneers Industry slowly realizes: -Software exists -Software is important -It's worth building tools to support it

11. University of Utah 11 11 Mainframe Era Never left idle! Not interactive -programmers did not use the machine directly Data available as printouts

12. University of Utah 12 12 However... Not all problems are suited for batch processing.

13. University of Utah 13 13 However... Not all problems are suited for batch processing. -Examples from book: Insurance company IRS NASA

14. University of Utah 14 14 NASA Sputnik 1957 started “space race” Unlimited budget for space exploration

15. University of Utah 15 15 NASA Greenbelt, Maryland (1961) -Hacked a IBM 7090 to operate in real-time -Input data from radar stations in Florida -“Mercury Monitor” system early “interrupt-driven” software

16. University of Utah 16 16 NASA Mainframes aren't supposed to work that way! Modifications were expensive, but they worked! -Paved the way for future real-time computing

17. University of Utah 17 17 Earlier interactive machines Review: -LGP-30 -Whirlwind -SAGE

18. University of Utah 18 18 How? How can a computer be both interactive and inexpensive? -Use transistors from the start -Use short word length -Direct memory access (DMA)

19. University of Utah 19 19 THE RESULT: The “minicomputer” -Entirely new class of machine -Opened computing to new markets

20. University of Utah 20 20 Ken Olsen Student at MIT (1950s) -Worked on Whirlwind, TX-0 Founded Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) The “minicomputer company”

21. University of Utah 21 21 PDP-1 “Programmed Data Processor 1” -Inspired by TX-0

22. University of Utah 22 22 PDP-1 1960 100,000 additions per second 4000 18-bit words -(9 Kilobytes of memory) $120,000 (50 sold)

23. University of Utah 23 23 PDP-1

24. University of Utah 24 24 PDP-1 Spacewar! -“First” video game -Made at MIT (1962)

25. University of Utah 25 25 Marketing IBM -lease -supply system software DEC -sell -let users customize machine

26. University of Utah 26 26 PDP-8 1965 12-bit word length 35,000 additions per second 6 Kbytes of memory

27. University of Utah 27 27 PDP-8 8 cubic feet 250 pounds

28. University of Utah 28 28 PDP-8 8 cubic feet 250 pounds $18,000 -crazy!

29. University of Utah 29 29 PDP-8 Input/Output Teletype ASR-33 -cheaper and more durable than the Flexowriter! -ASCII-based -(see page 134)

30. University of Utah 30 30 Value-Added Resellers DEC machines were not easy to program (at first) Basis for 3rd-party products -picture on page 136

31. University of Utah 31 31 DEC's legacy Minicomputers: -Brought interactive computing to a wide audience -Direct ancestor of the personal computer

32. University of Utah 32 32 “Test Question” On a scrap of paper, write a question that encapsulates one of the points from today's class, and turn it in. (Put your name on it!)