1. Water Supply Development Mike Kizer OSU Extension Irrigation Specialist

3. Water Sources  Surface Water Streams Streams Lakes Lakes Runoff Runoff  Ground Water Wells Wells Springs Springs Ganats Ganats  Rain Harvesting

4. Developing a Hillside Seep Spring Intercept ground water before it reaches the surface to: - Protect its quality - Simplify its collection and transport

5. Jetting A Well - Jetting is effective in unconsolidated material (sand, gravel, soil) - Downward water velocity sufficient to dislodge undisturbed material - Upward water velocity sufficient to “float” dislodged material - Jetted solids settle out in basin - Clear water re-circulated to jet

6. Drilling Mud  A slurry of water and clay (bentonite preferred) used in well drilling Reduces water loss during drilling Reduces water loss during drilling Helps “float” drill cuttings to surface Helps “float” drill cuttings to surface Stabilized hole until casing installation Stabilized hole until casing installation  Must be removed by bailing and pumping before well can be put into service

7. Percussion Drilling Tools Round-Stock Cable Hangar Pipe Body I-Beam Body Chisel-Point Bit Round-Stock Hangar Pipe Body Heavy Rubber Flap Valve

8. Vertical Reciprocating Motion for Low-Tech Percussion Drilling

9. Augers for Hand-Bored Wells

10. Low-Tech Methods to Sink a Casing in a Well Bore Dead Man

11. Driven Wells (Commercial Sand Points)

12. Driven Wells (Home-Made Sand Points) -- Driven Wells are normally 1 ½-inch or 2-inch pipes -- Drive points should be ¼ - ½ inch larger in diameter that the well pipe -- Well points can be driven with sledge hammer, post driver, jack hammer

13. Ganats (Horizontal Wells) - Ganats are horizontal borings in sloping topography from the ground surface that intercept the water table. They collect and convey subsurface water to the surface for use. If sloped slightly downward toward the point of use no pumping is required.

14. Small Earth Dams Small earthen dams should be constructed of low permeability material. Small earthen dams should have an 8-ft minimum top width. Slopes should be stabilized against erosion with vegetation or rock. Mechanical spillways should be sized to handle the average stream flow. Flood flows must be handled by the emergency spillway for the life of the dam. Emergency spillways should be constructed in undisturbed material.

15. Emergency Spillways

16. Flow Measurement  “Good water management begins with water measurement”  Basic principle Q = V m A f Q = V m A f Q = flow rate in a pipeline or channel (ft 3 /sec) Q = flow rate in a pipeline or channel (ft 3 /sec) V m = mean or average velocity of flow in the pipeline or channel (ft/sec) V m = mean or average velocity of flow in the pipeline or channel (ft/sec) A f = cross-sectional area of flow (ft 2 ) A f = cross-sectional area of flow (ft 2 )  Velocity is not constant throughout the cross-section

17. (feet) (seconds) Distance, (feet) = Velocity, (feet/second) Time, (seconds) Estimating Surface Velocity, V s, of a Straight Stream with a Float and Stopwatch V m = K f V s K f : 0.65 – 0.80 K f = 0.65 (if d  1 ft) K f = 0.80 (if d > 20 ft)

18. Water Surface Estimating the Cross-Sectional Area of Flow, A f Dividing the Streambed into Triangles, Rectangles and Trapezoids Rectangle Area A r = d w Trapezoid Area, A tz = ½ (d i + d i+1 ) w Triangle Area, A tr = ½ d w w = spacing between verticals w

19. Rain Water Harvesting

21. Units  Volume Quantity of water; Water “at rest” Quantity of water; Water “at rest” Gallon, cubic foot, etc. Gallon, cubic foot, etc. V = A d (units -- acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.) V = A d (units -- acre-inch, acre-foot, hectare-meter etc.)  Depth Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation applications as well Rainfall measured as depth; Useful for irrigation applications as well Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc. Inch, foot, millimeter, centimeter, etc. D = V / A (units -- Usually in. or mm) D = V / A (units -- Usually in. or mm)  Flow Volume of water per unit time; Water “in motion” Volume of water per unit time; Water “in motion” Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches per day, liters per second, cubic meters per second etc. Gallons per minute, cubic feet per second, acre-inches per day, liters per second, cubic meters per second etc. Q = V / t (units – gpm, L/s, ft 3 /s, cfs, MGD) Q = V / t (units – gpm, L/s, ft 3 /s, cfs, MGD)

23.  Volume balance (Qt=Ad) V = Q t and V = A d, so Q t = A d V = Q t and V = A d, so Q t = A d Q x t = A x d = V Q x t = A x d = V (ft 3 /s x s) = (ft 2 ) x (ft) = (ft 3 ) (ft 3 /s x s) = (ft 2 ) x (ft) = (ft 3 ) (Flow rate) x (time) = (area) x (depth) (Flow rate) x (time) = (area) x (depth) Knowing any of the three, can solve for the fourth Knowing any of the three, can solve for the fourth Units must be consistent (conversion constant, k v, to balance units: Qt=k v Ad) Units must be consistent (conversion constant, k v, to balance units: Qt=k v Ad) gpm x hr ≠ acres x in gpm x hr ≠ acres x in

24. Contact Information  Email: mkizer@okstate.edu mkizer@okstate.edu  Telephone: (405)744-8421  Fax: (405) 744-6059  Mailing Address: Michael Kizer 228 Agriculture Hall Oklahoma State Univ. Stillwater, OK 74078