1. Social capital in cross-cultural comparison. Opportunity and limits: cultural dimension and social network measurement in representative surveys Jiří Šafr Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic www.soc.cas.cz WORKSHOP on Harmonisation of Social Survey Data for Cross - National Comparison Institute of Sociology, AS CR, Prague 19th October 2010

2. Structure Cultural and structural dimensions of social capital ISSP 2004 –Cultural dimension (Trust and Tolerance) –Social capital and democracy evaluation Network measurement: Position generator

3. Social capital Cultural dimension –generalized social trust –tolerance and norms of reciprocity Horizontal relationships between citizens But → how to measure? Trust in state institution → vertical political (civic) culture (citizen – institution) Structural dimension: –voluntary organization membership → collective/community SC –„networking“ (diversity, upper reachability, density, …) → individual SC (as resource in individual's action /well being)

4. ISSP 2004 – Citizenship Cultural dimension of Social Capital Generalized Social Trust –How often p take advantage / act fairly? (v45) –People: Be trusted or faced carefully? (v46) Respect and Tolerance (general) –Meet people: respect at first encounter (v68) –Meet people: tolerance of disagreement (v69) Political tolerance (specific) –Allow public meetings-relig extremists (v14) –Allow public meetgs-p overthrow governm (v15) –Allow public meetings-racist people (v16) Trust in state → vertical relationship (political culture)

5. ISSP 2004 – Citizenship - Tolerance Tolerance and respect to other people (in general) aske only in 15 countries Political Tolerance

6. „Cultural“ Social capital

7. „Cultural“ Social capital + Political Trust

8. Social Trust & Tolerance/respect

9. Social Trust & Membership in voluntary org.

10. Tolerance/respect & Membership in voluntary org.

11. Democracy in (COUNTRY): Today

12. Democracy operation today with: Political culture and social capital measures

13. Tolerance and Democracy

14. Network measures? Membership in voluntary org. is „network“ measure only on aggregate level (collective- community social capital) At the individual level we need to measure level of „networking“ (eg. diversity of networks or resources embedded in networks) mainly in broader social circles (weak ties) → resource generators / position generator (as a roster techniques)

15. Position Generator (PG) in Czech survey Social Distance 2007 egocentric social networks related to social standing (origin by Nan Lin in 1970‘s) Only in national surveys (ca 10 studies, see http://www.xs4all.nl/~gaag/work ), but not standardized for international comparison yet (some effort already done: USA, China and Taiwan study) Respondents are asked if they know a person from a list of jobs that have different social status. Czech version (2007): 18 jobs in 3 ties: family, friends, acquaintances + duration of ties, and gender of contacts.

16. PG - % of a contacts in CR 2007

17. Social capital measures from PG in different social groups

18. PG in CR, Holland, Taiwan Holland: SNSS (van der Gaag) 1999-2000 30 jobs Taiwan: Taiwan Social Network Study 1997 (Lin, Fu, Hsung) 15 jobs

19. Using network measures from PG: network ISEI score, upper reachability + their combination („double netw. Advantage“) → best capture the concept of social capital as hierarchically ordered social resources. outputs of the social network: income, job mobility, social trust, life satisfaction, and tolerance of ethnic groups → only very low correlations when controlled for ego‘s status But a good tool to reconstruct a closure in social structure of a specific part of society („networking“)

20. Further prospect of PG for int. comparison Which professions in a list? not rare from all strata (not only high status) well specified (eg. „Worker“ is vague) weigh different labor market labor structure focus on weak ties (measure ties separately) → „bridging effects / strength of weak ties“ Small list eg. 12 professions/positions for international surveys PG → status position (social capital in Bourdieu‘s concept) ideally supplemented with Resource Generator → social support

21. Thank you for your attention. jiri.safr@soc.cas.cz