2. Laws, Investigations & Ethical Issues in Security CIM3562 Supplementary Information HKSAR Legal System 1

3. HKSAR Legal System ( 香港特區 的法律制度 ) What constitutes a legal system?  the Laws ( 法律 )  the Institutions ( 機構 )  the Personnel ( 人員 ) 2

4. Hierarchy of Laws  The China Constitution ( 中國憲法 )  The Basic Law ( 基本法 )  Bills of Rights Ordinance ( 人權法 )  Hong Kong Ordinances ( 香港條例 )  Subsidiary Legislation/Regulations ( 附屬法例 )  Case Law (judge-made law)( 案例 ) 3

5. Classification of Laws  Criminal Law ( 刑事法 )  In a criminal case, a jury typically must have an abiding conviction, proved by evidence that can be accepted as true because the facts of the case support it beyond reasonable doubt ( 毫無合理疑點 ). This could include eyewitness accounts or other evidence that removes valid questions about guilt. Juries must carefully consider all evidence presented in a trial to ensure that evidence that might lead to a conviction has been proved beyond reasonable doubt.  Civil Law( 民事法 )  In civil cases, by contrast, a preponderance ( 優勢 ) of evidence can be sufficient to settle the case in either party's favor. A preponderance of evidence means that one side of the case has established greater certainty than the other, usually through the presence of a greater quantity of credible evidence or more persuasive evidence. Even a small amount of additional evidence can make the difference in settling a case when only a preponderance of evidence is necessary (or simply the concept – a balance of possibility). 4

6. CRIMINAL LAW ( 刑事法 )  Offences against persons( 侵害人身罪 )  Offences against properties ( 侵犯財產罪 )  Regulatory offences ( 監管罪行 )  Criminal procedures law ( 刑事程序法 )  Criminal evidence law ( 刑事證據法 ) 5

7. CIVIL LAW ( 民事法 )  Contract ( 合同 )  sale of goods ( 銷售貨物合同 )  Agency ( 代理合同 )  Employment ( 僱傭合約 ) ……  Torts ( 侵權 )  Negligence ( 疏忽 )  Nuisance ( 滋擾 )  Defamation ( 誹謗 )  …. 6

8. CIVIL LAW ( 民事法 ) IInheritance ( 繼承 ) TTrusts ( 信託 ) CCompany law ( 公司法 ) IInsolvency law ( 破產法 ) PProperty ( 物權 ) ppersonal property ( 個人財產 ) rreal property iintellectual properties 7

9. CCivil procedures law ( 民事程序法 ) CCivil evidence law ( 民事證據法 ) 8

10. Institutions ( 機構 )  The Courts ( 法庭 )  The Legislative Council ( 立法會 )  The National People‘s Congress (NPC) ( 全國人民代表大會 )  Department of Justice ( 律政司 )  Legal Aid Department ( 法律援助署 ) 9

11. Institutions ( 機構 )  The Law Enforcement Agencies ( 執法機構 )  Police ( 警察 )  Customs ( 海關 )  ICAC ( 廉政公署 )  Immigration Department ( 入境事務處 )  Labour Department ( 勞工處 )  The Law Schools ( 法學院 ) 10

12. The Court Hierarchy ( 法院層次 )  Court of Final Appeal ( 終審法院 )  Court of Appeal( 上訴法庭 )  High Court – the jury( 高等法院 - 陪審團 )  District Court ( 區域法院 )  Magistracy ( 裁判法院 )  Small Claims Tribunal ( 小額錢債審裁處 )  Labour Tribunal( 勞資審裁處 )  Obscene Articles Tribunal ( 淫褻物品審裁處 ) Reference: http://www.judiciary.gov.hk/tc/index/index.htm http://www.hklii.hk/c_index.shtml 11

13. The Personnel ( 人員 )  The Lawyers ( 律師 )  Solicitors ( 律師 )  Barristers ( 大律師 )  government lawyers ( 政府律師 )  In-house legal advisers ( 內部法律顧問 )  the law professors ( 法學教授 )  The judges ( 法官 )  The legislators ( 立法會議員 )  The law enforcers ( 執法人員 )(e.g. Police) 12