1. Gill Ainsworth, Stephen Garnett and Heather Aslin 12 October 2010 The values of wildlife embodied in protected areas

2. "an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.” Source: www.iucn.org 2010 IUCN definition of protected area

3. However within IUCN there is a dominant position amongst conservationists who promote a reification and commercialization of ‘nature’ based upon one dominant model of nature, economy, markets, progress and value Source: CSVPA SG email correspondence 2010 This dominant model is derived from the Western notion of a nature- culture divide which is in conflict with a multitude of non-western belief systems and values IUCN values

4. Value: ‘relative worth, merit or importance’ of something:  cannot be observed directly  expression in the form of attitudes & behaviours Values are critical:  personal goals: good & bad, right & wrong  interpret events and information  across situations & events Values

5. Values: attitudes: behaviours: culture and society behavioral commitments/intentions enduring changeable Source: Cary et al 2000 behaviours general beliefs/worldviews values specific beliefs/specific attitudes

6. Worth every moment… experiential How beautiful… aesthetic Has a right to live… intrinsic My team mascot… totemic My best friend… anthropomorphic Kellert’s wildlife values typology

7. Tasty… utilitarian Unique… scientific Endangered? conservation Pest! negative Great chase! mastery Environmentally significant… ecological Wildlife values typology contd.

8. Values in conflict… Conservation value v negative value protection of dangerous wildlife ; human – wildlife conflicts Intrinsic value v utilitarian value poaching wildlife; clearing habitat for timber Spiritual value v economic value commoditization of ecosystem services

9. Sustainable development Nature conservation Socio-environmental sustainability Stabilization of impacts of climate and energy crises To ensure human wellbeing Support revisions of fiscal and economic systems that monitor ecological and carbon footprints and that internalize the ecosystem goods and services impacted by modern economies Unprecedented challenges for IUCN

10. Commoditizing elements of the air we breathe Increasingly giving monetary valuation to ecosystems Monetarizing relations with other cultures to access and commercializing natural and cultural resources and expressions Destroying biodiversity and cultural diversity at unprecedented levels In the face of globalizing trends

11. Humankind is composed of 10,000 or so cultures, each of which have their own belief and value systems to guide sustainable use of the natural environment "It is not the ecologists, engineers, economists or earth scientists who will save spaceship earth, but the poets, priests, artists, and philosophers." Source: Hamilton, 1993 Protected area planning should consider all values