1. Developmental
Psychology Unit
Chapter 10 pages
&

2. Notes
PAGES
Developmental Psychology - Study of growth and changes as we progress through the life cycle. Physical, Social, Moral, Cognitive
Nature -- Genes, Biological “Programming” (Maturation & the critical period)
vs.
Nurture - Environmental Influences, Nutrition and Learning (tabula rasa - John Locke)
Stages (stairs)
vs.
Continuity (hill)

3. Notes Does Physical Development occur in stages? Prenatal Development
1.Germinal Stage - First 2 weeks
2.Embryonic Stage - 2 weeks to 2 months (pg.230)
develops fingers, toes, eyes, ears, a nose, a mouth, a heart, and circulatory system
3.Fetal Stage - 3rd month to birth

4. Notes Reflexes Rooting & Sucking Reflex Withdrawal Reflex
Startle or Moro Reflex
Grasp or Palmer Reflex
Babinski Reflex
Sphincter Reflex
Sneezing, Coughing, Yawning, Blinking

5. Stages of Child Development For each behavior listed below, guess the approximate age at which a child performs the behavior.
__________ 9. Grasps the concept of conservation of number
__________ 10. Grasps the concept of conservation of volume
__________ 11. Begins to understand simple cause-and-effect relationships
__________ 12. Plays pat-a-cake
__________ 13. Has a vocabulary of around 1,000 words
__________ 14. Can sit up with some support
__________ 15. Can walk alone
__________ 16. Recognizes household members
__________ 1. Distinguishes between self and what is not self
__________ 2. Forms social attachment to primary caregiver
__________ 3. Can dress him or herself alone
__________ 4. Can run, climb, and throw a ball
__________ 5. Can distinguish a sweet taste from a bitter taste
__________ 6. Is toilet trained
__________ 7. Wants to go out and play with other children
__________ 8. Awareness of object permanence

6. Stages of Child Development
Answers
1. 1 year years
2. 6 months years
3. 6 years years
4. 4 years months
5. Newborn years
6.1 1/2 years months
years months
8. 1 year months

7. “Operating on the Mind”
Piaget
“Operating on the Mind”

8. Piaget’s 4 stages Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 yrs.)
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 yrs.)
Concrete Operational (6 to 12 yrs.)
Formal Operational Stage (12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in action such as the grasping, sucking, & looking schemes. Child gradually learns to discover the location of hidden objects at about 18 months, when the concept of object permanence is fully understood.
Beginning of symbolic representation. Language first appears; child begins to draw pictures that represent a series of actions in his or her head in order to solve problems.
Ability to understand conservation problems. Ability to think in several dimensions or features at the same time. Child can now do elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging the quantity of liquid containers and checking addition of numbers by subtraction
Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical. The individual can consider many alternative solutions to a problem, make deductions, contemplate the future, and formulate personal ideals and values

9. Piaget’s 4 stages (1) Sensorimotor Stage
(birth to 2 years)
Thinking is displayed in action, such as the grasping, sucking, and looking schemes. Child gradually learns to discover the location of hidden objects at about eighteen months, when the concept of object permanence is fully understood.

10. Question
Why does a 1 year old child like playing peek-a-boo, but a 7 year old child thinks the game is silly?

11. Piaget’s 4 stages (2) Preoperational Stage
(2 to 6 years)
Beginning of symbolic representation. Language first appears; child begins to draw pictures that represent things. Child cannot represent a series of actions in his or her head in order to solve problems.

12. Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget’s 4 stages (3)
Concrete Operational Stage
(6 to 12 years)
Ability to understand conservation problems. Ability to think of several dimensions or features at the same time. Child can now do elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging the quantity of liquid containers and checking addition of numbers by subtraction
“Cut it up into a LOT of slices Mom, I’m really hungry!”
Great Video on Conservation!

13. Object Permanence and Conservation

14. Formal Operational Stage
Piaget’s 4 stages (4)
Formal Operational Stage
(12 years to adulthood)
Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical. The individual can consider many alternative solutions to a problem, make deductions, contemplate the future, and formulate personal ideals and values.

15. PIAGET – COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A = SENSORIMOTOR
B = PREOPERATIONAL
C = CONCRETE-OPERATIONAL
D = FORMAL-OPERATIONAL
___ 1. Artificialism ___ 6. Animism
___ 2. Subjective moral judgements ___ 7. Conservation
___ 3. Abstract thinking ___ 8. Assimilation of novel stimulation to ready-made schemes
___ 4. Object permanence ___ 9. Objective moral judgements
___ 5. Children emerge as theoretical scientists ___ 10. Reversibility

16. PIAGET – COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Answers:
1. B B
2. C C
3. D A
4. A B
5. D C

17. Piaget’s 4 stages Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2 yrs.)
Preoperational Stage (2 to 6 yrs.)
Concrete Operational (6 to 12 yrs.)
Formal Operational Stage (12 to adulthood)
Thinking is displayed in action such as the grasping, sucking, & looking schemes. Child gradually learns to discover the location of hidden objects at about 18 months, when the concept of object permanence is fully understood.
Beginning of symbolic representation. Language first appears; child begins to draw pictures that represent a series of actions in his or her head in order to solve problems.
Ability to understand conservation problems. Ability to think in several dimensions or features at the same time. Child can now do elementary arithmetic problems, such as judging the quantity of liquid containers and checking addition of numbers by subtraction
Thinking becomes more abstract and hypothetical. The individual can consider many alternative solutions to a problem, make deductions, contemplate the future, and formulate personal ideals and values

18. KOHLBERG is holding a CONVENTION on MORALS
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG – MORAL DEVELOPMENT
NO! It’s not Austin Powers!
KOHLBERG is holding a CONVENTION on MORALS

19. Question ????
In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The pharmacologist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but could only get together about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, ”no” The husband got desperate and broke into the man’s store to steal the drug for his wife.(Kohlberg 1969)
1.Should the husband have done that?
2.Why?

20. Kohlberg’s Moral Development stages

21. Do unto others as you would have others do unto you!
THE GOLDEN RULE
Do unto others as you would have others do unto you!
Is this an example of a moral rule of conduct that is universal?
BUDDHISM
“Hurt not others with that which pains yourself.”
Hinduism
“This is the sum of duty: do not to others which if done to thee, would cause thee pain.”
Christianity
“ALL THIINGS WHATSOEVER YE WOULD THAT MEN SHOULD DO TO YOU, DO YE EVEN SO TO THEM; FOR THIS IS THE LAW AND THE PROPHETS”
ISLAM
“NO ONE OF YOU IS A BELIEVER UNTIL HE LOVES FOR HIS BROTHER WHAT HE LOVES FOR HIMSELF”
JUDAISM
“WHAT IS HURTFUL TO YOURSELF DO NOT TO YOUR FELLOW MAN. THAT IS THE WHOLE OF THE TORAH AND THE REMAINDER IS BUT COMMENTARY. GO LEARN IT.”

22. Examples of Kohlberg’s ideas in U.S. Congressional Debates
The following are actual quotations from U.S. debates on a resolution supporting the administration’s policy on Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
Arguments Against U.S. Involvement
“We shouldn’t consider war…because it would hurt our economy.” (1)
“because we’ll have more money for domestic issues…” (2)
“because we don’t want to appear too militaristic.” (3)
“because war is killing and killing is against the law.” (4)
“even though the situation is bad, war is damaging to people and property and society agrees that is bad…” (5)
“although atrocities have been committed, it would be an even greater atrocity to wage war…” (6)

23. Examples of Kohlberg’s ideas in U.S. Congressional Debates continued
Arguments For U.S. Involvement
“We should consider war because our oil is threatened…”(1)
“because we can gain security of the oil supply…” (2)
“because we don’t want the world to see us as weak…” (3)
“because the U.N. has laid down written resolutions which should be upheld…” (4)
“the situation is extreme enough that society’s rights are threatened and need to be define…(5)
“Evil is on the march, and it would be morally wrong to allow it to continue…(6)

24. Kohlberg’s Moral Development stages

25. BEGIN: SEC.3 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Harlow's Studies on Dependency in Monkeys (Time - 6:07)
KONRAD LORENZ (Time – 1:38):

26. Erikson APPROX. AGE CRISIS NAME CRISIS DESCRIPTION 0 - 1 TRUST VS.
MISTRUST
If an infant is well cared for, she will develop
faith in the future. But if she experiences too
much uncertainty about being taken care of, she
will come to look at the world with fear and
suspicion
1 - 2
AUTONOMY
DOUBT
Here the child learns self-control and self-
assertion. But if he receives too much criticism,
he will be ashamed of himself and have doubts
about his independence.
2 – 5
INITIATIVE
GUILT
When a child begins to make her own decisions,
constant discouragement or punishment could
lead to guilt and a loss of initiative.
5 – PUBERTY
INDUSTRY
INFERIORITY
The child masters skills and takes pride in his
competence. Too much criticism of his work at
this stage can lead to long-term feelings of
inferiority.

27. Erikson APPROX. AGE CRISIS NAME CRISIS DESCRIPTION
The teenager tries to develop her own separate
ADOLESCENCE
IDENTITY
identity while “fitting-in” with her friends.
VS.
Failure leads to confusion over who she is.
ROLE CONFUSION
A person secure in his own identity can proceed
EARLY
INTIMACY
to an intimate partnership in which he makes
ADULTHOOD
VS.
compromises for another. The isolated person
ISOLATION
may have many affairs or even a long-term
relationship but always avoids true closeness.
A person who becomes stagnated is absorbed in
MIDDLE AGE
GENERATIVITY
herself and tries to hang onto the past.
VS.
Generativity involves a productive life that will
STAGNATION
serve as an example to the next generation.
Some people look back over life with a sense of
LATER
INTEGRITY
satisfaction and accept both the bad and the
ADULTHOOD
VS.
good. Others face death with nothing but regrets.
DESPAIR

28. A CLOSER LOOK AT ADOLESCENCE
EGO IDENTITY
VS.
ROLE CONFUSION
Erikson Stage 5
CONFLICT WITH THE FAMILY
1. Independence
2. Restrictions
3. Sexual Desires

29. SIGMUND FREUD
SOURCE:

30. SIGMUND FREUD – defense mechanisms
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
denial
arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist
denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion
displacement
taking out impulses on a less threatening target
slamming a door instead of hitting a person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss
intellectualization
avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects
focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief
projection
placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else
when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid;" homophobia
rationalization
supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason
stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance
reaction formation
taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme
regression
returning to a previous stage of development
sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news; throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way
repression
pulling into the unconscious
forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety
sublimation
acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way
sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer; becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut; lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy
suppression
pushing into the unconscious
trying to forget something that causes you anxiety

31. SIGMUND FREUD – defense mechanisms
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
denial
arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn't exist
denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion
displacement
taking out impulses on a less threatening target
slamming a door instead of hitting as person, yelling at your spouse after an argument with your boss
intellectualization
avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects
focusing on the details of a funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief
projection
placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else
when losing an argument, you state "You're just Stupid;" homophobia
rationalization
supplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason
stating that you were fired because you didn't kiss up the the boss, when the real reason was your poor performance
reaction formation
taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
having a bias against a particular race or culture and then embracing that race or culture to the extreme
regression
returning to a previous stage of development
sitting in a corner and crying after hearing bad news; throwing a temper tantrum when you don't get your way
repression
pulling into the unconscious
forgetting sexual abuse from your childhood due to the trauma and anxiety
sublimation
acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way
sublimating your aggressive impulses toward a career as a boxer; becoming a surgeon because of your desire to cut; lifting weights to release 'pent up' energy
suppression
pushing into the unconscious
trying to forget something that causes you anxiety

32. LEV VYGOTSKY