1. Thursday 11/21/13 AIM: Why do we eat proteins
DO NOW: What are biomolecules? Why are biomolecules organic compounds?
HW:Read page 62. reading check on page 62 and question 4 on page 63

2. Review What are the 4 categories of biomolecules?
Why are biomolecules called polymers?
How do you build polymers?
How do you break down polymers?

3. (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
Synthesis of polymers
Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called dehydration reactions
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO H 1 2 3 4
H2O
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond
Figure 5.2A

4. The Breakdown of Polymers
Hydrolysis
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer HO 1 2 3 H 4
H2O
Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond
Figure 5.2B

5. Which biomolecules can be found in the food sources below?

6. Protein Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Structure for tissues and organs
Hormones
Metabolism
Transport
Receptors
Catalysts

7. Structural Support
Collagen and elastin

8. Hormones: chemical messengers
Human Growth Hormone, Insulin, Glucagon

9. Transport across the cell membrane
In and out of cell

10. Transport through the body
Hemoglobin

11. Receptors

12. Enzymes are protein catalysts

13. How do we build large proteins?

15. How are amino acids related to proteins?

16. Friday 11/22/13
DO NOW:
Motivation: draw an amino acid using the following colors

17. Amino Acid All amino acids have the same fundamental structure
The R group gives the amino acid it’s unique properties
Size, water solubility, electrical charge

18. There are only 20 amino acids which account for all of the proteins in all organisms

19. Proteins Polymers made of subunits called amino acids
Amino acids: form 1 or more chains which fold extensively to form a functional protein

21. Dehydration synthesis of amino acids forms peptide bonds
Protein or polypeptide: 50 or more amino acids bonded together Peptide: shorter chains

22. Shape of protein correlates to it’s function
Shape of protein is determined by exact type, position and number of it’s amino acids
In many cases 2 or more amino acid chains join
Amino acid chain undergoes a series of folds
If the shape of protein is denatured, the protein may no longer be able to function properly

23. Proteins ProteinsProtein structure
ProteinsProtein structure Primary structure
Primary structure: Polypeptide chain

24. ProteinsProtein structure Secondary structure
folding of polypeptide chain

25. Tertiary structure ProteinsProtein structure Tertiary structure
Disulfide bridges

26. Quaternary structure ProteinsProtein structure Quaternary structure
Functional protein

28. Hemoglobin protein

29. Protein Structure

30. Assessment
Create a table listing and describing each step in the development of a functional protein

31. Monday AIM: How do enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions?
DO NOW: Use your notes to draw and label the structure of an amino acid

32. Enzymes are proteins
Built from amino acids

33. Enzymes are catalysts

34. Enzymes are organic catalysts
Speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
Proteins
Built from amino acids
Lower activation energy: the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur

35. Naming enzymes Enzyme names end with the -ase suffix,
the -ase suffix is added to the substrate name.
For example, sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down the substrate sucrose, a disaccharide, into the monosaccharides glucose and fructose.
Protease: the enzyme that catalyzes the break down of proteins into amino acids

36. AIM: why are enzymes protein catalysts?
DO NOW: What type of molecule are enzymes?

37. How Do Enzymes Work?

38. How do enzymes work? Enzymes are substrate specific
Substrate is the reactant
Active site: part of the enzyme capable of recognizing and binding to substrate

39. 2 methods in which enzymes work
Induced Fit Model
Lock and key model

40. Induced fit model
Actually the "fit" of the substrate and the active site is not a "perfect fit”
enzyme slightly changes shape to fit the substrate

41. Lock and key model
Active site of the enzyme fits perfectly to only one type of substrate

42. Enzyme-substrate complex
Lowers the activation energy causing the chemical reaction to happen

43. Assessment
In one complete sentence,explain why the shape of enzyme is important to its function.

44. AIM: What factors effect the rate of enzyme activity?
DO NOW: What is activation energy?
Enzyme Quiz Monday

45. DO NOW Answer
Activation energy: The amount of energy it takes for a chemical reaction to occur
How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
By lowering the activation energy
When do enzymes lower activation energy?
Enzyme substrate complex

46. At the enzyme substrate complex

47. Factors that affect enzyme activity
1. Amount of enzyme
2. Amount of substrate
3. pH
4. Temperature

48. Concentration of Enzyme
If the amount of substrate remains
the same:
As increase amount of enzyme,
the rate of an enzyme action also increase
UNTIL…
All enzymes become saturated
At this point all enzymes are working at maximum capacity

49. Concentration of substrate
If the amount of enzyme
remains the same:
at low concentrations,
of substrate,
Enzyme activity is low
Because all enzymes are NOT working
As you increase the amount of substrate, you increase enzyme activity until all substrates are bound to enzymes
At this point, enzyme activity is steady

50. pH Each enzyme works best at a certain pH 2. At optimal (best) pH:
enzyme has the right shape
to fit substrate
3. Changes in pH change the shape of enzymes and their ability to fit with substrates
4. Most enzymes work best at pH’s near 7 (neutral)

51. Temperature Enzymes work best at a certain temperature
2. Optimum (best) temp. for human enzymes is near normal body temp. (37C)
3. Changes in temp. alter shape of enzyme
4. At extreme temp’s enzyme can ‘t fit with substrate
5. high temperatures denature the enzyme

52. Which substrate would work with this enzyme?

53. If I changed the shape of the active site, how would the enzyme activity change?
In this picture, name the products.
When is the activation energy lowered?

54. The most likely result of mixing both enzymes with their substrates in a single test tube is that:
A- only gastric protease would be active if the pH of the mixture was basic
B- gastric protease would be more active than intestinal protease at pH 6
C-both enzymes would exhibit some activity at pH 5

55. Which enzyme shows the greatest change in its rate of action with the least change in pH?

56. Practice questions
The picture below represents which type of organic compound?

57. Practice question
What type of chemical reaction is this and how do you know?

58. What builds nucleic acids?
nucleotides

59. Nucleic Acids Hereditary Information DNA and RNA
Passed down from parent to offspring
DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Ribose Nucleic acid

60. Nucleic acids are built from nucleotides
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogen base

61. Friday 12/19/08

63. DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid
James Watson and Francis Crick
DNA is a double helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
2 strands of nucleotides connected at nitrogen bases
Weak Hydrogen Bonds hold Nitrogen bases together
A-T
G-C

64. Nitrogen Base Pair Rules
Hydrogen bonds hold nitrogen bases together
A-T
C-G

66. RNA
Ribonucleic acid
Single strand
Ribose- 5 Carbon sugar
AUCG

68. How do Nitrogen bases specify protein production?
The sequence of Nitrogen bases A,T,C,G are what build a gene.

70. How are genes related to DNA?
Genes: sequences of nitrogen bases that hold the code to build a protein
DNA carries genes
Chromosomes are condensed forms of DNA
Many genes are found on 1 chromosome

71. Chromosomes are made up of DNA
Specific sequences of nuleotides form genes
Genes code for proteins
EVERY SINGLE chromosome is copied before the cell divides
ALL cells contain the same genes
So how then are cells different
Cells are different because they express different genes
Therefore different cells build different proteins

73. Assessment
In your own words explain the difference between a DNA and RNA nucleotide