2. Diction Word choice, general character of the language used by the author –Appearance “The Mechanical Hound slept but did not sleep…” (Bradbury 24) –Sound “We-we’ll do our-we-we’ll d-d-do-do our best General” (Crane 43) –Meaning “‘Monsieur,’ he answered, ‘for you I shall be merely Captain Nemo…’” (Verne 70) Nemo translates to “Nobody” or “No one” in Latin

3. Monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic One syllable vs. multi syllable The limb is worn smooth by men who have sat it But Lennie made an elaborate pantomime of innocence.

4. Euphonious vs. cacophonous Pleasant sounding vs. harsh sounding “On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains…” (Steinbeck 1)

5. Literal vs. Figurative “George lay back ion the sand and crossed his hands under his head…” (Steinbeck 6) “Only the tops of the Bagilan mountains flamed with the light of the sun that had gone from the valley.” (Steinbeck 7)

6. Denotative vs. Connotative George knelt beside the pool and drank from his hand with quick scoops.” (Steinbeck 3) “…he replaced his hate, pushed himself back from the river, drew up his knees and embraced them.” (Steinbeck 3)

7. Objective vs. Subjective Impersonal, unemotional vs. personal, emotional Objective examples “The trouble with most of us Southerners is that we either don’t travel enough or that we don’t profit from our travels.” (Mitchell 77) Subjective examples “Why, we could lick them in a month! Gentlemen always fight better than rabble. A month-why, one battle- ” (Mitchell 76)

8. Active vs. Passive States action vs. states being Passive example “Four weeks Marija hunted and half of a fifth week.” (Sinclair 129) Active example “She grabbed my hand back so fast I knew at that instant how sorry she was that she had not protected me better. (Tan 111)

9. Concrete vs. Abstract Specific, tangible (practical, details, facts) vs. conceptual, philosophical -Concrete example “My fingers do not move over this instrument…” (Austen 130) -Abstract Example “From the very beginning of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain for the feelings of others…” (Austen 143

10. Hyperbole vs. Understated Deliberate exaggeration of focus vs. deliberate misrepresentation of less –Hyperbole example “Only that the wrestlers are as big as whales, sir.” (Golden 235) –Understated Example “Someone has been cruel to you…or perhaps life has been cruel.” “I don’t know sir,” I said… (Golden 130)

11. Pedestrian layman’s terms “‘I’m Charles Baker Harris,’ he said, ‘I can read.’” (Lee 7)

12. Pedantic boorish, inflated language attempting to display importance The first act of business Miss Murdstone performed when the day of solemnity was over, and a light was freely admitted into the house, was to give Peggotty a month’s warning.

13. Archaic suggestive of an earlier period or time “The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.” - “Prologue” from Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare

14. Nonstandard Lower Level “What’s up, Doc?” - Bugs Bunny, Looney Tunes

15. Vulgarity language deficient in taste and refinement; course, base “Frankly, my dear, I don’t give a damn.” - Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell

16. Slang vernacular speech sometimes humorous, exaggerated, or shortened for effect “Here come the Jets, Yeah! And we're gonna beat Ev'ry last buggin' gang On the whole buggin' street!” - “Jet Song”, West Side Story

17. Colloquial Regional, provincial; differs from formal language in connotation, pronunciation, usage; accepted in informal conversation “I’ll ring you up later” [colloquial British] translates into “I’ll call you later” [colloquial American]

18. Jargon Specific to a field or profession “As the nose of the F-14 tipped downward, Rachel felt an eerie weightlessness. Through the ringing in her ears she could hear a repeated electronic ping in the cockpit. The pilot had apparently locked on to some kind of directional beacon and was following it in. (Brown 69) pilot jargon

19. Cliché Language used so often it has lost its freshness and clarity (figurative language without the freshness) –“Once upon a time…happily ever after.”

20. Informal Correct, but conversational “Eat it!” shouted Mr. Wonka. “Go on and eat it! It’ll be delicious! It’s the same bar! Its gotten smaller on the journey, that’s all!” (Dahl 137)

21. Formal Appropriate for more formal occasions (often more abstract) “ I must apologize,” said the visitor, “for the lateness of the hour.”(Christie 9)

22. Assonance Repetition of similar vowel sounds in closely assoc. words “What’s the rumbling and tumbling That sets my stomach grumbling? I thought ’twas six kids, flesh and bones, Now I find it’s naught but rolling stones.” (Grimms 52)

23. »Consonance is the repetition of similar consonant sound in closely associated words »Example: “Because of this fundamental difference in tactical style, the two organizations sometimes moved without coordinating with the other.” Consonance

24. Alliteration »Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in closely associated words »Example: The sweet scents of the summer night rose all around him, and rose, as the rain falls, impartially, on the dusty, ragged, and toil-worn group at the fountain not far away.

25. Onomatopoeia »Onomatopoeia is when a word’s pronunciation suggests its meaning »Example: “…to speak over the roar of the helicopter’s twin turboshaft engines.”

26. Anaphora Repetition of word or words at the beginning of successive phrases –“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way…” (Dickens 1)

27. Works Cited Diction Appearance - Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991 Diction Sound - Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc, 1992 Diction Meaning - Verne, Jules. 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1962 Monosyllabic vs. Polysyllabic, Euphonious vs. Cacophonous, Literal vs. Figurative, Denotative vs. Connotative – Steinbeck, John. Of Mice And Men. New York: Penguin Books, 2002 Active vs. Passive – Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Vintage Books, 1989 Concrete vs. Abstract – Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc, 1993 Pedestrian vs. Pedantic - Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books, 1982 Assonance - Brothers Grimm: The Wolf and the Seven Kids. Grimms’ Fairy Tales, New York. Grosset & Dunlap, 1995 Anaphora – Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. New York: Pocket Books, 2004