2. English Learners: Demographic Trends  Teachers in the United States are increasingly expected to educate students  whose native languages are not English  Who come from all cultural backgrounds that vary from mainstream American culture  Research has documented the effectiveness of long-term primary-language education.  Thus, English-language development (ELD) classrooms that require modified instruction in English are increasingly important

3. English Learners: Demographic Trends  In the U.S., 47 million people (18%) speak a language other than English at home. Almost 23 million reporting that they do not speak English well.  California has the largest population percentage of non-English-language speakers with 12.4 million which is 39.5% of the state’s population.  Los Angeles Unified School District leads all other school districts in the nation both in the number of English-learners (299,232), number of languages (56), and percent of total enrollment (40%)

4. English Learners: Demographic Trends  The population demographics indicate that all states need to provide services for English learners, with the need greatest in California.  More and more teachers use ELD strategies and methods in order to serve as intercultural and interlinguistic educators.  They can reach out to learners from a variety of backgrounds and offer effective learning experiences

5. Psychological Factors That Influence Instruction  Psychological and sociocultural factors play important roles in a learner’s acquiring and using a second language.  Teachers who are aware of these individual and group factors are able to adapt instruction to meet the individual needs of the learners  Psychological factors are divided into three categories: background factors, social-emotional factors, and cognitive factors.

6. The Learner’s BackgroundThe Learner’s Background  Naming and Forms of Address:  Teachers who make the extra effort to pronounce students’ names accurately communicate a sense of caring.  Work with student privately to practice his/her name.  Don’t change a student’s name, apply a nickname, or use an “English” version of a student’s name without first checking with a member of the student’s family

7. First-Language ProficiencyFirst-Language Proficiency  Research has shown that proficiency in the first language (L1) helps students to achieve in school.  In order to learn a student’s strengths in the first language, educators should test students’ L1 proficiency using measures such as the Bilingual Syntax Measure (BSM)  This can bring knowledge about the student’s linguistic and academic abilities and can help the teacher in second- language acquisition content instruction.  Acceptance of the first language and use of the first language to support instruction promotes a low-anxiety environment for students, which promotes learning.

8. Psychological Factors: Socio-Emotional  Self-esteem  Schools that honor the primary languages and cultures of students and help students to develop bilingualism foster strong identities.  Motivation  Instrumental: the need to acquire a second language to read and obtain a job and Integrative: the desire to become a member of the culture of the second- language group.  Anxiety level  Cause learners to feel defensive and can block effective learning, educators should strive to make the classroom friendly and increases peer work, small group work, games, and increase student-to-student communication  Att itudes of the learner  Attitudes toward self, toward language, toward English-speaking people and toward the teacher and classroom affect students. If they feel inferior because of their accent or language status, they may develop negative feelings towards English.

9. Psychological Factors: CognitivePsychological Factors: Cognitive  Language learners are people who are active processors of information.  Students learn in many different ways using a variety of strategies and styles.  Teacher who are aware of the individual student’s learning and cognitive style can use the most effective teaching strategies

10. Cognitive StyleCognitive Style  A cognitive style refers to consistent and rather enduring tendencies or preferences within an individual.  Visual vs. Verbal  Holistic vs. Analytic  Schools seem to expect and reward the Verbal and Analytical students.  Many aspects of cognitive style have been demonstrated to show cultural differences.

11. Learning StyleLearning Style  Learning style: these are the preferences students have for thinking, relating to others  There are six different learning styles: 1.Competitive 2.Cooperative 3.Dependent 4. Independent 5. Participant 6. Avoidant

12. Learning StrategiesLearning Strategies  Learning strategies are strategies that learners adopt to help them in the acquisition process.  Second-language-acquisition research divides individual learner strategies into two types: communication and learning.  Communication strategies are employed for transmitting an idea when the learner cannot produce linguistic forms  Learning strategies relate to the individual’s processing, storage, and retrieval of language concepts

13. Sociocultural Factors that Influence Instruction  As students learn a second language, their success is dependent on such extralinguistic factors as, ( they are learning a whole new culture as well as a new language)  the pattern of acculturation for their community  The status of their primary language in relation to English  Their own speech community’s view of the English language and the English-speaking community  The dialect of English they are hearing and learning and its relationship to standard English  The compatibility between the home culture and the cultural patterns and organization of school. Did any of you that were EL, face incompatibility between your home culture and school?

14. Family Acculturation and Use of the First and Second Languages  Acculturation is the process of adapting to a new culture.  English learners in the U.S., the the mere fact of living here, learn a second culture as well as a second language  How acculturation proceeds, depends on factors beyond language itself-it is usually a familywide phenomenon  A family’s use of their native language and second language is influenced by the relative status of the primary language in the eyes of the dominant culture.  In modern U.S. culture, the social value and prestige of speaking a second language varies with socioeconomic position

15. Family Acculturation and Use of the First and Second Languages  Many middle-class parents believe that learning a second language benefits their children personally and socially and will later benefit them professionally.  However the languages that parents wish their children to study are often not those spoken by recently arrived immigrants.  This suggests that a certain bias exists in being bilingual-that being competent in a “foreign language” is valuable, whereas knowing an immigrant language is a burden to overcome. Did any of you believe in this “bias?” Did any of your parents want you to learn a second language?

16. Institutional Support for the Primary Language  Educators may view a student’s ability to speak a home language other an English as an advantage or as a liability toward school success  Some social theorists see the culture of the school as maintaining the poor in a permanent underclass and as legitimizing inequality.  They believe schooling is used to affirm class boundaries through tracking, testing, curriculum design, pedagogy, disciplinary policies, and the limited role of the student.

17. Institutional Support for the Primary Language  Ways to increase support:  Feature the primary language(s) of students on bulletin boards throughout the school and within the classroom  Showcase primary-language skills in written and oral reports  Involve primary-language speakers as guests, volunteers, and instructional assistants.

18. Why should you care as a school psychologist?  You will most likely be assessing and interacting English language learners and interacting with their parents who may or may not know English.  As the U.S. becomes increasingly diverse, it is essential that school psychologists become aware of cultural differences and stressors unique to various groups, without neglecting within-group differences.