1. Piloting Course Chapter 1 Introduction to Navigation
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
United States Power Squadrons ®
Piloting Course Chapter 1 Introduction to Navigation
Introduce USPS and what we do
Introduce the Instructor(s) and Proctors
Explain the logistics for the session
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

2. The Piloting Course Based on Electronic Navigation
Aimed at the Recreational boater
Hands-On practice throughout

3. Electronic Navigation
Fundamentally Different!
Traditional:
Most of workload just finding where you are
Electronic:
You know where you are
Emphasizes need for planning
Must Understand basics:
Charts essential
Check the Electronics
Be prepared to navigate using traditional means
In event of a failure

4. Piloting Course Content
Local waters
Emphasis on Planning, Plotting, Tools
Electronic Navigation - GPS primary
Compass as key navigation tool
Pre-plan, follow the plan
Staying on course
Checking
Navigating in the event of a failure
Overview – digital charting

5. Advanced Piloting Course Content
Extended Coastal/Inland Cruising
Advanced positioning techniques
Accuracy
Cross-checking
Electronic Navigation
Chartplotters, Computers, Digital Charts
Radar
Sonar, etc.
Tidal Effects
Depth, Clearance
Current effects
Adjusting for effects of winds or currents

6. Course Format IN CLASS HOMEWORK 1/3 - Background Material
1/3 - Skills & Techniques
1/3 - In-Class Exercises
HOMEWORK
Reading
Homework Questions
Cruise

7. Included Material Student Guide Text USPS Digital Chart CD
Targeted directly at skill-building
How-to information on each technique
Exercises, Cruises
Text
“The Weekend Navigator,” 2004
USPS Digital Chart CD
Chart Navigator Software
Training Charts – Bowditch Bay, 1210tr
Sample Charts – not for navigation

8. Define “Piloting” Traditionally Today
Navigation with the aid of landmarks and navigation aids
Performed near land (coastal & inland)
Where navigation is most challenging
Today
Navigation using electronics as well

9. Basic Piloting Skills are Necessary
Provides answers to:
Where am I?
How do I get to where I want to go?
Need Piloting skills to:
Navigate with Electronic tools
Check the tools
Navigate when the electronics are not working

10. Overview – Basic Concepts
Course
The line that you are on (line of motion)
Bearing
A line of observation to a known object (line of position
Fix
A known position
The intersection of 2 or more bearings
GPS

11. “Seaman’s Eye” Informal concepts
Means of staying in touch with surroundings
Used to crosscheck navigation
Simple tools to help you out
Supplement, NOT substitute for formal navigation

12. Introduction to Navigation

13. Steps in Navigation planning navigating checking
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Steps in Navigation
planning
navigating
checking
Figure 2-1 Steps in Navigation - There are three fundamental and sequential steps that you perform in navigating, even if all may appear to occur at the same time. PLANNING: Using electronics requires a more conscious planning process as you must enter the coordinates of waypoints into your GPS before you can use them for navigation. NAVIGATING: The process of live navigation using your plan. CHECKING: Continuously, you must check to make sure you are where you intended to be and that the your equipment is working properly.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

14. Underway - On the Water Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
Figure 2-9 Underway – On the Water – When you are underway, you usually have an Intended Course that you planned to follow. When you steer your boat to a particular heading your plotted path is known as a Line of Motion.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

15. Traditional Navigation
Significant Emphasis
Techniques to locate where you are
Dead Reckoning
Bearings
Fixes
Plot to where you want to go
Maintain “DR” plot of current position

16. Navigation Electronics
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Navigation Electronics
Figure 1-1 Navigation Electronics - Recreational boaters have a variety of electronic devices available to aid with their navigation. Show are (a) handheld GPS, (b) DSC-equipped VHF radio, (c) forward-scanning sonar, (d) color GPS chartplotter, and (e) LCD radar display and scanner.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

17. Electronic Navigation
You know where you are
GPS Tells You that
You know exactly how to get to your destination
GPS gives you bearing and distance
You navigate from point-to-point
Along straight-line paths
Pre-qualified for clear navigation
Between points – called “WAYPOINTS”

18. Waypoint Navigation Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
Figure 1-2 Waypoint Navigation - Electronics use a technique called Waypoint Navigation. Your paths on the water follow straight-line segments between defined points that are stored in your GPS, called Waypoints.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

19. Navigation Tools - Introduction
Charts
Scaled representations of boating waters
Chapter 2
Plotting Tool
Many devices available
USPS 4x15 Rectangular Plotter
Plot & Measure
Courses & Bearings (direction)
Dividers
Many types available
Measure Coordinates
Measure Distance

20. Tools

21. Rectangular Plotting Tool
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Rectangular Plotting Tool
Figure 4-23 Rectangular Plotting Tool – Perhaps the least expensive and most reliable of plotting tools is the rectangular plotter. This model designed by the United States Power Squadrons uses the chart grid to set the angle. The parallel rules generally use the charts compass rose as the angular reference. This tool has no moving parts and is easier to use on a recreational boat that lacks a chart table and is bouncing in the sea. In addition to offering a protractor scale, these plotting tools have a group of parallel lines imprinted along their length. It is possible to walk this rule by drawing a light line on the side opposite where you are making your measurement. Then you can slide the tool and align on of the parallel scale lines with the one that you drew. Now you can draw another parallel line, and so on until you reach your desired location.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

22. Plotting Techniques Pencil Labeling Accuracy
Sharp point – medium softness
Eraser (eliminate unneeded lines)
Labeling
Means of interpreting navigation
Hand-off to others (long-cruise)
Accuracy
Courses, Bearings to nearest 1°
Distance to nearest 0.1 nautical mile
Speed to two significant digits (3.4 Knots, 22 Knots)

23. Nautical Units What? Why? Nautical Mile = 6076 feet (approx)
Knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
Why?
1 Nautical Mile (nm) = 1 minute of Latitude (exact)
Easy to measure

24. Latitude & Longitude Your ‘street address’ – location
The sole information provided by GPS
Latitude & Longitude, plus: Altitude & Time
Must relate this to a Chart
Only way to see where you are on the Earth
And… to see what is around you
And… what is between you and your destination
Grid on Chart must match grid in GPS
Most Charts WGS 84 (more on this later)

25. Latitude and Longitude
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Latitude and Longitude
Figure 4-10 Latitude & Longitude – (a) The language of the navigator and the chart is latitude and longitude. The world is divided into meridians of longitude that extend between the poles. Each meridian represents a value of longitude which is measured either East or West from the prime meridian which goes through Greenwich, England. The longitude at the prime meridian is 0°. Values increase to 180° for both East and West where they meet at the International Date Line. North America is within West longitudes. On the other axis, the world is divided in half by the Equator. Latitude is measured to the North or South by into parallels of latitude that
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

26. Anatomy of a Position Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
Figure 4-10 (b) Parallels & Meridians - The globe has been cutaway to demonstrate some of the key features. The yellow horizontal cut represents the Equatorial plane which passes through the center of the Earth and separates the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The line where the equatorial plane meets the surface of the Earth is called the Equator. The green vertical cut represents the Prime Meridinal plane. It too passes through the center of the Earth and both poles. The line on the right side, where the plane meets the surface of the Earth, is called the Prime Meridian. It passes through Greenwich, England and represents the starting point for measuring longitude.
Meridians are lines that pass through both poles. They represent lines of equal longitude. The red meridinal plane is rotated at an angle which represents the longitude. Longitude is measured West or East from the prime meridian up to 180° where they meet at the International Date Line.
Latitude is measured differently. Horizontal planes are placed parallel with the Equator (light blue plane). The lines formed where these planes intersect the surface of the Earths are called parallels of latitude (dark blue lines). Latitude is measured along any meridinal plane by looking at the angle formed at the center of the Earth between two lines – one to the Equator and the other to the parallel of latitude on the surface of the Earth (dark blue arrow shows the angle). Thereby, all along the parallel, the latitude has this same value.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

27. SKILL – Measure Coordinates
In order to use a GPS receiver to navigate
Must enter coordinates of waypoints
Coordinates
Come from a chart
SKILL
Measuring coordinates

28. Using Dividers 41° 31’ Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
31.8’
31.5’
31’
Figure 4-16 Using Dividers to Make Measurements– Measurements are made on the chart using a pair of dividers and the scales on the side of the chart. As shown in the figure, you set one point of the dividers on the spot whose latitude and longitude that you want to measure. First, measure latitude by extending the second point of the dividers vertically to the nearest horizontal grid line as shown. Pick up the dividers without changing the setting and move them to the side of the chart to the latitude scale following the grid line that you used. Place the second point on the scale where the grid line intersects the scale and then read the latitude under the first point. In this example, the latitude is 30 minutes + 1 minute + a bit over three tenths, or 31.3’. If the point was closer to the fourth tenth round upward. The number of degrees will be found on the scale along with an indication of North or South which you must note when using the coordinates for a waypoint.
Repeat the same process for the longitude measuring horizontally between the spot and the nearest grid line. Read the longitude on the scale at the top or bottom of the chart and note the degrees and whether it is West or East.
41°
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

29. Measure Latitude N N N W W

30. Measure Longitude N N W W

31. Exercise 1-1 Measure Coordinates Get out Dividers
Use Blank Chart from Book

33. Solution: Exercise 1-1

34. SKILL – Measure Course In order to know which direction to steer
Provided by GPS
But,… an essential plotting skill
Draw Course Line
Starting point to Destination (Waypoint)
Use USPS Plotting Tool
Takes a little practice

35. Draw Course Line

36. Reading a Course Read 077° Align with Grid line
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Reading a Course
Read 077°
Figure 4-24 Using the Rectangular Plotter – The protractor scales on the plotting tool are printed backwards. The reason becomes apparent when you align the protractor scale with a grid line. For example, suppose that you wanted to draw a course line of 83° from the red buoy shown just along the upper side of the tool. First align the tool with the desired point. Next, slide the tool so that the center of the circle at the bottom of the protractor is on a grid line. Then, rotate the tool until 83° on the scale is aligned with the same grid line. Finally draw your course line (shown in blue).
Which of the scales do you use? That depends upon whether you are using a vertical grid line (outer two scales) or a horizontal grid line (inner two scales). Now which of the two scales to use? That depends upon whether the tool is right-side up or bottom-up, or facing the horizontal line from the left or the right. The short answer is to use your sense of direction. If you are going from the red buoy toward the upper right, the angle must be somewhere between 0° and 90°, so the outermost scale is the right one to use in this instance. Just remember, the scales read backwards.
Align with
Grid line
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

37. Reading a Course Direction
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Reading a Course Direction
Align with
course line
Read 077°
Figure 4-24 Using the Rectangular Plotter – The protractor scales on the plotting tool are printed backwards. The reason becomes apparent when you align the protractor scale with a grid line. For example, suppose that you wanted to draw a course line of 83° from the red buoy shown just along the upper side of the tool. First align the tool with the desired point. Next, slide the tool so that the center of the circle at the bottom of the protractor is on a grid line. Then, rotate the tool until 83° on the scale is aligned with the same grid line. Finally draw your course line (shown in blue).
Which of the scales do you use? That depends upon whether you are using a vertical grid line (outer two scales) or a horizontal grid line (inner two scales). Now which of the two scales to use? That depends upon whether the tool is right-side up or bottom-up, or facing the horizontal line from the left or the right. The short answer is to use your sense of direction. If you are going from the red buoy toward the upper right, the angle must be somewhere between 0° and 90°, so the outermost scale is the right one to use in this instance. Just remember, the scales read backwards.
Align with
Grid line
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

38. Measure Course
plotter demo

39. Sense of Direction

40. SKILL – Measure Distance
In order to determine how far, how long?
Provided by GPS
But,… essential skill to learn
Get out dividers
Use distance (or latitude) scale

41. Measuring Distance on a Chart
Piloting Chapter 1
4/21/2017
Measuring Distance on a Chart
Figure 4-17 Measuring Distance on a Chart – (a) Distance is measured as shown between any two points or along a course line. The line generally will not be vertical or horizontal on the chart, but at an angle. Place one point on each of the two ends of the line or points for which you want to measure the distance.
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

42. Measuring Distance Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
4.6 nm
Figure 4-17 (b) Measure Distance – Lift the dividers without changing the setting an go to either the distance scale on the chart or the latitude scale. Coastal navigation charts mark latitude in degrees, minutes, and tenths of minutes as shown in the figure. By definition, a minute of latitude is exactly equal to one nautical mile. Thus the scale makes a convenient distance scale. Always use the latitude scale a approximately the same latitude as the measurement, and NEVER use the longitude scale to measure distance.
In the example, place one point at a convenient location and count the number of minutes (nautical miles). In this case, the distance is four full minutes (4 nautical miles) plus 6 tenths (equal to 4.6 nm). Alternatively, you can use the distance scale on the chart. Typically, two scales will be provided – one calibrated in statute miles and the other in nautical miles. Make sure you use the one that you intended and the one corresponding with the settings in your GPS.
In non-coastal areas, even nautical charts generally use degrees, minutes, and seconds in their latitude scales. On these charts it makes more sense to use the distance scale which typically is calibrated in statute miles and make sure that the GPS is adjusted to the same scale.
1 nm
© 2004, “The Weekend Navigator”
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board

43. Labeling Destination C 070 D 4.5 Start 1. Draw & Measure COURSE LINE
carefully between points
Destination
2. Label COURSE
near starting point
“C” (direction – 3 digits)
C 070
D 4.5
3. Label DISTANCE
near mid-point
“D” (nm + tenths)
Start

44. Exercise 1-2
Plot, Measure & Label
Course & Distance

46. Solution: Exercise 1-2

47. Measuring Long Distances
When the dividers cannot reach…
From start to destination

48. Measure Long Distance
Select a convenient distance on dividers

49. Measure Long Distance Start at one end of the course line…
Pivot the dividers and count the No…

50. Measure Long Distance
For the final increment, set the dividers to reach the end…
Measure the final distance and add the prior increments.

51. Questions ? … Comments Piloting 2004 - Chapter 1 4/21/2017
Surely, you have questions.
Pre-release - Spring Governing Board