1. Calculating Tidal Datums Stephen C. Blaskey, RPLS, LSLS

2. Types of Tide Gauges A look at the different types of portable tide gauges, how they work, and how to use them effectively.

3. There are 3 major types of portable tide gauges Manual Float Gauges Pressure Gauges

4. Type 1: Manual Tide Gauges

5. Example of a Manual Tide Gauge: Advantages: Easy to Set up No Batteries or Calibration Necessary Very Cheap Disadvantages: Complete lack of Automated Data Capture Has to be manned for entire deployment

6. Type 2: Float Tide Gauges

7. Example of Float Tide Gauge Advantages: Requires no external calibration Automated Data Capture Disadvantages: Main Electronics Housing must be kept out of water Requires use of Tide Staff to correlate Data to the Site Control

8. Type 3: Pressure Tide Gauges

9. Example of Vented Pressure Gauge Advantages: Relative Ease to deploy over Float and Manual Gauges Easy to calibrate on site for a given condition Disadvanges: Main Electronics Housing must be kept out of water Price

10. Example of a Non-Vented Pressure Gauge Advantages: Easy to Deploy Automated All Waterproof Design Price Disadvantages: Requires External Air Pressure Measurements Requires Measurement of Density of the Water

11. There are 3 major methods to calculating tidal datums Direct Benchmark Transfer to project site Standard Method Amplitude Ratio Method

12. Method 1: Direct Benchmark Transfer

13. Direct Benchmark Transfer Requires that an on-site benchmark be directly related to a benchmark that has a published relationship to the tidal datum you wish to use.

14. Direct Benchmark Transfer In this instance I set a rod with a cap near the location where I plan to work. Then, using RTK GPS, I tied the site benchmark to monument “ 1450 A 1989”.

15. Direct Benchmark Transfer Here is the published relationship: Feet Above PIDMHHWMHWMTLMSLMLWMLLWNAVD88Station 1450 B 2002 4.784.875.375.365.896.196.0510.57 NO 42 1943 3.393.473.983.974.494.794.659.18 1450 C 2002 4.554.645.145.135.665.965.8210.34 7.151 1932 3.583.664.174.164.694.994.859.37 1450 A 1989 4.464.545.055.045.565.875.7310.25 NO 32 1913 5.375.465.975.956.486.786.6411.16 Source: http://lighthouse.tamucc.edu/datum/022http://lighthouse.tamucc.edu/datum/022

16. Raw GPS Data: 113684032.323309407.2125.5541450A 213684032.33309407.1785.5661450A 313684032.363309407.1015.5281450A 413645727.063264124.196.515HGCSD-62 513645727.083264124.1846.534HGCSD-62 613645727.043264124.1876.503HGCSD-62 713641557.053255155.4092.959SP-CST 813641557.063255155.4182.917SP-CST 913641557.083255155.4052.947SP-CST Averages: 1-313684032.333309407.165.551450A 4-613645727.063264124.196.52HGCSD-62 7-913641557.063255155.412.94SP-CST Published MHW Relationship of 1450A to MHW: 4.54 feet above MHW Elevation of MHW based on observations of 1450A Measured Elevation of 1450A:5.55 Amount above MHW:4.54 Elevation of MHW:1.01 The Relationship of SP-CST to MHW: 1.93 feet above MHW

17. Method 2: Standard Method

18. Standard Method This method involves: Establishment of a project gauge and observing a full tide cycle (low tide through high tide). Relating the mean range of the control gauge to the project site gauge. Relating the average tide level of the observation period to the datum you wish to use.

19. Standard Method What we need to perform this calculation: MR c = mean range of control gauge R c = range of control gauge for observation period R s = range of project site gauge for observation period MR s = mean range of project site gauge TL s = average of high tides at project site for observed period TL c = average of high tides at control gauge for observed period MTL c = mean tide level of control gauge MTL s = mean tide level of project site gauge MHW s = mean high water at project site gauge

20. Standard Method To obtain the value of MR c : Latitude: 29° 18.6' NMean RangeMean Range: 1.02 ft. Longitude: 94° 47.6' WDiurnal RangeDiurnal Range: 1.41 ft. Established: Jan 1 1908 Present Installation: Apr 16 1991 NOAA Chart #: 11323 Time : 90 W Pier 21, TXStation ID: 8771450 Station Information Source: http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/station_info.shtml?stn=8771450 Galveston Pier 21, TX

21. Standard Method To obtain the values for R c and R s we will have to look to the raw data for each of these gauges.

22. Standard Method Due to the conditions at the time of data collection, we will only be using one tide cycle to perform this calculation.

25. Standard Method R c = High Tide Elevation – Low Tide Elevation = 1.14 – (-0.46) = 1.60 R s = High Tide Elevation – Low Tide Elevation = 10.35 – 9.55 = 0.80

26. Standard Method To calculate MR s we will use the following formula: MR s / R s = MR c / R c MR s = (MR c )(R s )/ R c MR s = (1.02)(0.80)/ 1.60 MR s = 0.51

27. Standard Method To obtain the value of MTL c = 0.81: Source: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/newsys-cgi- bin/ngs_opsd.prl?PID=AW0436&EPOCH=1983-2001http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/newsys-cgi- bin/ngs_opsd.prl?PID=AW0436&EPOCH=1983-2001

28. Standard Method To obtain TL c we average all tide readings on the control gauge for the observation period = 0.24 To obtain TL s we average all tide readings on the project site gauge for the observation period = 9.94

29. Standard Method To calculate MTL s we will use the following formula: MTL s = TL s + MTL c - TL c MTL s = 9.94 + 0.81 – 0.24 MTL s = 10.51

30. Standard Method To calculate MHW s we will use the following formula: MHW s = MTL s + (MR s / 2) MHW s = 10.51 + (0.51 / 2) MHW s = 10.77

31. Standard Method Now we must relate our point on the ground to our project site gauge datum. This is done by differential leveling from the tide staff to the rod on the ground. SP-CST is at 12.73 on the station datum and, therefore, 1.96 feet above MHW based on this method.

32. Method 3: Amplitude Ratio Method

33. Amplitude Ratio Method This method requires the establishment of a project tide gauge and observing a full peak of high tide at the control tide station and project site station. This method works best when low tides are obscured by weather or geography.

34. Amplitude Ratio Method This method requires most of the same variables as the standard method; it simply provides a different way to calculate R s, MR s, TL c, and TL s. This is done by looking at the amplitude of the tide curve at equivalent intervals before and after high tide at the project site station and the control station. For this example we will use an interval of 2 hours.

35. Amplitude Ratio Method Control Station: Tide level at high tide = 1.14 Tide level 2 hours before high tide = 0.77 Tide level 2 hours after high tide = 0.78 A c = High Tide - ((2 hrs before + 2 hrs after) / 2) A c = 1.14 - ((0.77 + 0.78) / 2) A c = 0.37

36. Amplitude Ratio Method Project Site: Tide level at high tide = 10.35 Tide level 2 hours before high tide = 10.16 Tide level 2 hours after high tide = 10.20 A s = High Tide - ((2 hrs before + 2 hrs after) / 2) A s = 10.35 - ((10.16 + 10.20) / 2) A s = 0.17

37. Amplitude Ratio Method We can now calculate R s using the values of A c, A s, and the value of R c (which is obtained the same as it was in the Standard Method) with the following formula: R s = (R c x A s ) / A c R s = (1.60 x 0.17) / 0.37 R s = 0.74

38. Amplitude Ratio Method Now to calculate MR s we will use the values of A s, A c, and MR c (a published value, used in Standard Method) with the following formula: MR s = (MR c x A s ) / A c MR s = (1.02 x 0.17) / 0.37 MR s = 0.47

39. Amplitude Ratio Method Next we must calculate values for TL c and TL s using the following formulas: TL c = High Tide Value – (R c / 2) = 1.14 – (1.60 / 2) = 0.34 TL s = High Tide Value – (R s / 2) = 10.35 – (0.74 / 2) = 9.98

40. Amplitude Ratio Method Now we can use the same formulas we used in the Standard Method to finish this datum calculation. First we will calculate MTL s : MTL s = TL s + MTL c – TL c = 9.98 + 0.81 – 0.34 = 10.45 * MTL c is a published value that we also used in the Standard Method

41. Amplitude Ratio Method Now we can calculate MHW s using the following formula: MHW s = MTL s + (MR s / 2) = 10.45 + (0.47 / 2) = 10.69

42. Amplitude Ratio Method And finally we can relate our calculated datum to our point on the ground. Recall that SP-CST is at 12.73 on the station datum and, therefore, 2.04 feet above MHW based on this method.

43. An Overview of Our Results Method 1: SP-CST is 1.93 ft above MHW Method 2: SP-CST is 1.96 ft above MHW Method 3: SP-CST is 2.04 ft above MHW

44. Questions?