1. The Exploration of the Solar System in Europe:synergy between ground-based and space-borne activities Marcello Coradini September 03

2. 1990 Ulysses (on-going) 1995 SOHO (on going) 2000 CLUSTER (on-going) 2012+ Solar Orbiter 1999 OERSTED (DK) 1998 ASTRID (S) 1997 EQUATORS (D) 2000 ODIN (S) 1992 FREJA (S/D) 2004 Double Star (ESA-China) 2007 Solar B (Japan-ESA) Sun and Sun-Earth Interaction Missions

3. Ground-based observations of magnetospheric phenomena have been on-going for decades:however their relevance for ESO type of infrastructure is basically nihil. We concentrate then for the rest of this presentations on planetary issues.

4. 2011 MERCURY ORBITER - Differentiated Materials 2004 ROSETTA - Building Blocks 2003 MARS EXPRESS - Comparative Planetology & Exobiology 2003 SMART-1 - Technology & Lunar Science 1997 CASSINI-HUYGENS - Outer Regions & Exobiology 1989 GALILEO (NASA/D) 2009 NETLANDER ? Planetary Exploration Missions 2005 Venus Express – Understanding atmospheric processes

5. Cassini/Huygens When NASA & ESA work together

6. Huygens factsheet Landing on Titan, Saturn's mysterious moon. Name: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was a Dutch astronomer who discovered Saturn's rings and, in 1655, its largest moon, Titan. Description: Huygens will be the first probe to land on a world in the outer Solar System - on the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Data from Huygens may offer clues about how life began on Earth. Huygens is currently in space, hitching a ride on NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.

7. Determine abundance of atmospheric constituents (including noble gases); Establish isotope ratios for abundant elements; Constrain scenarios of formation and evolution of Titan and its atmosphere; Observe vertical and horizontal distributions of trace gases; Search for more complex organic molecules; investigate energy sources for atmospheric chemistry; Model the photo-chemistry of the stratosphere; Study formation and composition of aerosols ; Scientific Objectives

8. Measure winds and global temperatures; Investigate cloud physics, general circulation and seasonal effects in Titan's atmosphere; Search for lightning discharges; Determine the physical state, topography and the composition of the surface; infer the internal structure of the satellite; Investigate the upper atmosphere, its ionization, and its role as a source of neutral and ionized material for the magnetosphere of Saturn; Scien obj. cont’d

9. Mars Express: Can you be faster and cheaper?

10. Mars Express or The Search for Water & Life

11. Mars Express Scientific Objectives ORBITER  Global high-resolution photogeology  Super-resolution imaging of selected areas  Global mineralogical mapping at 100 m resolution  Global atmospheric circulation and composition  Subsurface structure a few km down to permafrost  Surface-atmosphere interactions  Interaction of upper atmosphere with solar wind LANDER  Geology and mineralogy of landing site  Organic and mineral geochemistry  Exobiology (i.e. search for life signatures)  Meteorology and climatology

12. Mars Express Instruments HRSC: High Resolution Stereo Camera ASPERA: Energetic Neutral Atoms Analyser MaRS: Mars Radio Science Experiment MARSIS : Sub-surface Sounding Radar Altimeter OMEGA: Visible and Infrared Mineralogical Mapping Spectrometer SPICAM: Ultraviolet and Infrared Atmospheric Spectrometer BEAGLE- 2 Lander PFS: Planetary Fourier Spectrometer

13. Venus Express Once again we do it fast & cheap!

14. Venus Express – Payload Heritage PAYLOADInstrumental conceptHeritage VIRTISUV-Visible-near-IR imaging SpectrometerROSETTA VERARadio Science(RSI) ROSETTA ASPERAEnergetic Neural Atoms AnalyserMARS EXPRESS PFSAtmospheric High Resolution Fourier SpectrometerMARS EXPRESS SPICAMUV & IR Atmospheric SpectrometerMARS EXPRESS MagnetmagnetometerrROSETTA And a ….small camera to give eyes to the s/c

15. Solar System bodies with an atmosphere have a potential for triggering joint observations from space and the ground. In particular the ground-based observations may have an important role in monitoring large scale dynamical and chemical processes. The difficulty in launching frequent missions to the gaseous giants of the Solar System makes the ground-based observations the only mean to follow over long periods of time the evolution of atmospheric processes

16. Rosetta : a space archeology mission

17. The Scientific Payload OSIRIS: Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (H.U. Keller, Germany) ALICE: Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (S.A. Stern, USA) VIRTIS: Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (A. Coradini, Italy) MIRO: Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter (S. Gulkis, USA) ROSINA: Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (H. Balsiger, Switzerland) COSIMA: Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (J. Kissel, Germany) MIDAS: Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System W. Riedler, Austria) CONSERT: Comet Nucleus Sounding (W. Kofman, France) GIADA: Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (L. Colangeli, Italy) RPC: Rosetta Plasma Consortium RSI: Radio Science Investigation (M. Pätzold, Germany)

18. Ground-based cometary observations have been for centuries the only tool to study cometary processes. Still to-day the relevance of these observations remains evident

19. Asteroidal Observations: the perfect synergy between ground-based and space-borne observations

20. SMART-!: testing electric propulsion in space

21. SMART-1:first lunar mission of Europe Launch 28/09/03 A5 auxiliary P/L (Cyclade) <18 m cruise + 6 m operations 350 kg at launch 6 instruments (~ 17 kg)

22. SMART-1 Payload 6 instruments operating in all mission phases (cruise/moon) 10 distinct science and technology investigations: SPEDESPEDE (Spacecraft Potential Electron and Dust Experiment) EPDPEPDP (Electric Propulsion Diagnostic Package) KATEKATE (Ka-Band TT&C Experiment) –RSIS (Radio-Science Investigations for SMART-1) AMIEAMIE (Advanced Moon micro-Imager Experiment) –Laserlink (Experimental Deep-space Laser link) –OBAN (On-Board Autonomous Navigation experiment) SIRSIR (SMART-1 Infrared Spectrometer) D-CIXSD-CIXS (Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer) –XSM –XSM (X-ray Solar Monitori –(Embossed the investigations with dedicated HW)

23. BEPICOLOMBO

24. Telescope observations of atmosphereless planetary objects are in Principle very promising. However, the number of in-situ missions make the relevance of ground-based observations rather low unless high resolution spectroscopic capabilities can be Implemented…..