1. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGG141/ GEOG3051 Principles & Practice of Remote Sensing (PPRS) Radiative Transfer Theory at optical wavelengths applied to vegetation canopies: part 1 Notes adapted from Prof. P. Lewis plewis@geog.ucl.ac.uk Dr. Mathias (Mat) Disney UCL Geography Office: 113, Pearson Building Tel: 7679 0592 Email: mdisney@ucl.geog.ac.uk http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/teaching/GEOGG141/GEOGG141.html http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/teaching/3051/GEOG3051.html

2. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Aim of this section Introduce RT approach as basis to understanding optical and microwave vegetation response enable use of models enable access to literature

3. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scope of this section Introduction to background theory –RT theory –Wave propagation and polarisation –Useful tools for developing RT Building blocks of a canopy scattering model –canopy architecture –scattering properties of leaves –soil properties

4. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Reading Full notes for these lectures http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/teaching/GEOGG141/rt_theory/rt_notes1.pdf http://www2.geog.ucl.ac.uk/~mdisney/teaching/GEOGG141/rt_theory/rt_notes2.pdf Books Jensen, J. (2007) Remote Sensing: an Earth Resources Perspective, 2 nd ed., Chapter 11 (355-408), 1 st ed chapter 10. Liang, S. (2004) Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces, Wiley, Chapter 3 (76-142). Monteith, J. L. and Unsworth, M. H. (1990) Principles of Environmental Physics, 2 nd ed., ch 5 & 6. Papers Feret, J-B. et al. (2008) PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments, RSE, 112, 3030-3043. Jacquemoud. S. and Baret, F. (1990) PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra, RSE, 34, 75-91. Nilson, T. and Kuusk, A. (1989) A canopy reflectance model for the homogeneous plant canopy and its inversion, RSE, 27, 157-167. Price, J. (1990), On the information content of soil reflectance spectra RSE, 33, 113-121 Walthall, C. L. et al. (1985) Simple equation to approximate the bidirectional reflectance from vegetative canopies and bare soil surfaces, Applied Optics, 24(3), 383-387.

5. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Why build models? Assist data interpretation calculate RS signal as fn. of biophysical variables Study sensitivity to biophysical variables or system parameters Interpolation or Extrapolation fill the gaps / extend observations Inversion estimate biophysical parameters from RS aid experimental design plan experiments

6. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

7. Radiative Transfer Theory Applicability –heuristic treatment consider energy balance across elemental volume –assume: no correlation between fields –addition of power not fields no diffraction/interference in RT –can be in scattering –develop common (simple) case here

8. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Radiative Transfer Theory Case considered: –horizontally infinite but vertically finite plane parallel medium (air) embedded with infinitessimal oriented scattering objects at low density –canopy lies over soil surface (lower boundary) –assume horizontal homogeneity applicable to many cases of vegetation But…..?

9. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Building blocks for a canopy model Require descriptions of: –canopy architecture –leaf scattering –soil scattering

10. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Canopy Architecture 1-D: Functions of depth from the top of the canopy (z).

11. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Canopy Architecture 1-D: Functions of depth from the top of the canopy (z). 1.Vertical leaf area density (m 2 /m 3 ) 2.the leaf normal orientation distribution function (dimensionless). 3.leaf size distribution (m)

12. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Canopy Architecture Leaf area / number density – (one-sided) m 2 leaf per m 3 LAI

13. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Canopy Architecture Leaf Angle Distribution

14. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Archetype Distributions:  planophile   erectophile   spherical   plagiophile   extremophile  Leaf Angle Distribution

15. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Archetype Distributions: Leaf Angle Distribution

16. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY RT theory: infinitesimal scatterers –without modifications (dealt with later) In optical, leaf size affects canopy scattering in retroreflection direction –‘roughness’ term: ratio of leaf linear dimension to canopy height also, leaf thickness effects on reflectance /transmittance Leaf Dimension

17. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Canopy element and soil spectral properties Scattering properties of leaves –scattering affected by: Leaf surface properties and internal structure; leaf biochemistry; leaf size (essentially thickness, for a given LAI). Excellent review here: http://www.photobiology.info/Jacq_Ustin.html

18. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf surface properties and internal structure optical Specular from surface Smooth (waxy) surface - strong peak hairs, spines - more diffused

19. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf surface properties and internal structure optical Diffused from scattering at internal air-cell wall interfaces Depends on total area of cell wall interfaces Depends on refractive index: varies: 1.5@400 nm 1.3@2500nm

20. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf surface properties and internal structure optical More complex structure (or thickness): - more scattering - lower transmittance - more diffuse

21. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry

22. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry Feret, Jacquemoud et al. (2008) PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments, RSE, 112, 3030-3043.

23. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry Feret, Jacquemoud et al. (2008) PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments, RSE, 112, 3030-3043.

24. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry Feret, Jacquemoud et al. (2008) PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments, RSE, 112, 3030-3043.

25. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf water Feret, Jacquemoud et al. (2008) PROSPECT-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments, RSE, 112, 3030-3043.

26. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry –pigments: chlorophyll a and b,  -carotene, and xanthophyll absorb in blue (& red for chlorophyll) –absorbed radiation converted into: heat energy, flourescence or carbohydrates through photosynthesis

27. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Leaf biochemstry –Leaf water is major consituent of leaf fresh weight, around 66% averaged over a large number of leaf types –other constituents ‘dry matter’ cellulose, lignin, protein, starch and minerals –Absorptance constituents increases with concentration reducing leaf reflectance and transmittance at these wavelengths.

28. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Optical Models –flowering plants: PROSPECT – a generalised plate model Figure from: http://teledetection.ipgp.jussieu.fr/opticleaf/models.htm & see for more detail on various approaches to leaf optical properties modellinghttp://teledetection.ipgp.jussieu.fr/opticleaf/models.htm Jacquemoud. S. and Baret, F. (1990) PROSPECT: A model of leaf optical properties spectra, RSE, 34, 75-91.

29. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves Optical Models –flowering plants: PROSPECT – extension of plate model to N layers http://teledetection.ipgp.jussieu.fr/opticleaf/models.htm

30. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of leaves leaf dimensions –optical increase leaf area for constant number of leaves - increase LAI increase leaf thickness - decrease transmittance (increase reflectance)

31. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Scattering properties of soils Optical and microwave affected by: –soil moisture content –Wetter soils are darker (optical); have lower dielectric (microwave) –soil type/texture –soil surface roughness –shadowing (optical) –coherent scattering (microwave)

32. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY soil moisture content Optical –effect essentially proportional across all wavelengths enhanced in water absorption bands

33. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY soil texture/type Optical –relatively little variation in spectral properties –Price (1990): PCA on large soil database - 99.6% of variation in 4 PCs –Stoner & Baumgardner (1982) defined 5 main soil types: organic dominated minimally altered iron affected organic dominated iron dominated Price, J. (1990), On the information content of soil reflectance spectra RSE, 33, 113-121.

34. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Soil roughness effects Affects directional properties of reflectance (optical particularly) Simple models: –as only a boundary condition, can sometimes use simple models e.g. Lambertian e.g. trigonometric (Walthall et al., 1985; Nilson and Kuusk 1990) where θ v,i are the view and illumination (sun) zenith angles; ϕ is relative azimuth angle ( ϕ i - ϕ v ).

35. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Soil roughness effects Rough roughness: –optical surface scattering clods, rough ploughing –use Geometric Optics model (Cierniewski) –projections/shadowing from protrusions

36. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Soil roughness effects Rough roughness: –optical surface scattering Note backscatter reflectance peak (‘hotspot’) minimal shadowing backscatter peak width increases with increasing roughness

37. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Soil roughness effects Rough roughness: –volumetric scattering consider scattering from ‘body’ of soil –particulate medium –use RT theory (Hapke - optical) –modified for surface effects (at different scales of roughness)

38. UCL DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY Summary Introduction –Examined rationale for modelling –discussion of RT theory –Scattering from leaves Canopy model building blocks –canopy architecture: area/number, angle, size –leaf scattering:spectral & structural –soil scattering:roughness, type, water