1. CHAPTER 6
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

2. Overview of Muscle Tissues
Similarities Of All Muscles:
All muscle cells are elongated and are called MUSCLE FIBERS
All muscle cells have the ability to contract.
All muscle cells have special prefixes, which allow us to know that muscle is being referred to.

3. Muscle Types Skeletal Muscle
Forms the muscles attached to the skeleton, which move the limbs and other body parts.
Cells are long, striated, and contain many nuclei.
Controlled voluntarily.
SKELETAL MUSCLES MAKE UP THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM!

4. Muscle Types Smooth Muscle
Cells are spindle-shaped and have one nucleus
Controlled involuntarily.

5. Muscle Types Cardiac Muscle
Cells are striated and are arranged in spiral bundles.
Found only in the heart.
Controlled involuntarily.

6. Muscle Functions Producing Movement Maintaining Posture
Stabilizing Joints
Generating Heat

7. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
The plasma membrane of the skeletal muscle cell is called the SARCOLEMMA.
The ribbon-like organelles are called MYOFIBRILS.
Each myofibril is enclosed by a specialized ER called the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
Alternating LIGHT and DARK BANDS along the myofibrils give the muscle cell its striped appearance.

8. Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Myofibrils are also arranged in a banding pattern with 2 types of myofilaments:
Thick Filaments – also called myosin filaments because they contain the protein myosin
Thin Filaments – also called actin filaments because they contain the protein actin
When a muscle contraction occurs the myosin and actin filaments slide on top of each other and overlap.

10. Skeletal Muscle Activity
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells
The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by nerve impulses to contract.
One motor neuron may stimulate a few muscle cells or hundreds of them.
One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates are a MOTOR UNIT.

11. Skeletal Muscle Activity
Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells Continued…
When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the motor unit, a chemical referred to as a NEUROTRANSMITTER is released. This neurotransmitter is called ACETYLCHOLINE.
The neurotransmitter generates an ACTION POTENTIAL which eventually causes the muscle to contract.                                               

13. Skeletal Muscle Activity
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY
The actin and myosin filaments slide across one another when activated by the nervous system.
The sliding movement is energized by ATP.

14. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Graded Responses
In skeletal muscles, the “ALL-OR-NONE” law applies to the muscle cell. It states that a muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated adequately; it never partially contracts.

15. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Graded Responses
Skeletal muscles react to stimuli with GRADED RESPONSES which can be produced 2 ways:
By changing the FREQUENCY of muscle stimulation.
By changing the NUMBER of muscle cells being stimulated.

16. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Graded Responses
Muscle Response to Increasingly Rapid Stimulation:
MUSCLE TWITCHES – single, brief, jerky contraction
COMPLETE TEATANUS – when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relaxation is seen and the contraction is sustained.

17. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Graded Responses
Muscle Response to Stronger Stimuli:
When only a few cells are stimulated, the contraction of the muscle as a whole will be slight.
In the strongest contractions, when all the motor units are active and all the muscle cells are being stimulated, the muscle contraction is as strong as it can get.

18. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Providing Energy (page 173)
Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by Creatine Phosphate
Creatine phosphate is found in muscle fibers and helps generate ATP.
No oxygen required.

19. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Providing Energy (page 173)
Aerobic Respiration
At rest and during light exercise, 95% of the ATP used for muscle activity comes from aerobic respiration.
Glucose provides the energy and is broken down to carbon dioxide and water
Occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen

21. Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
Providing Energy (page 173)
Anaerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acid
No oxygen required.
Glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid which produces ATP.
Pyruvic acid can be broken down to lactic acid which causes muscle fatigue and muscle soreness.

23. Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
If we exercise our muscles strenuously for a long time, MUSCLE FATIGUE occurs.
A muscle is fatigued when it is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated.
Muscle fatigue is believed to result from the OXYGEN DEBT that occurs during prolonged muscle activity: A person is not able to take in oxygen fast enough to keep the muscle supplied with the oxygen that they need.
Lactic acid will build up in the muscle cells and cause the muscles to completely stop working.

24. Types of Muscle Contractions
Isotonic
The myofilaments are successful in their sliding movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs.
Example = bending the knee, rotating the arms, and smiling
Isometric
The myofilaments do not slide successfully, the muscles do not shorten, and the tension in the muscle keeps increasing.
Example = pushing against a wall with bent elbows

25. Muscle Tone The state of continuous partial contraction.
Contraction is not visible, but the muscle remains firm and healthy.

26. Effects of Exercise on Muscles
Muscle inactivity always leads to muscle weakness and wasting.
Regular exercise increases muscle size, strength, and endurance.

27. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
Types of Body Movements (pages 177 – 178)
Flexion
Brings 2 bones closer together
Example = Bending the knee and elbow
Extension
Increases the distance between 2 bones
Example = straightening the knee or elbow
Rotation
Movement of a bone around an axis
Example = shaking your head “no”

28. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
Types of Body Movements (pages 177 – 178)
Abduction
Moving the limb away from the midline of the body
Example = lifting arm or leg away from the body
Adduction
Moving the limb toward the midline of the body
Example = bringing arm or leg in towards the body
Circumduction
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (movement in a circle fashion)
Example = Movement of the shoulder

30. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
Special Movements – do not fit into the previous categories
Dorsiflexion – lifting foot towards the shin
Plantar Flexion- pointing the toes
Inversion – turning the sole of the foot medially
Eversion – turning the sole of the foot laterally
Supination – rotate the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly
Pronation – rotate the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly
Opposition – moving the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers

31. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
Types of Muscles – Muscle movement is the result of the activity of two or more muscles acting together or against each other.
Prime Mover - the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement

32. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
Types of Muscles Continued…
Antagonists – muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
**When a prime mover is active, its antagonist is stretched and relaxed**
Synergists – help prime movers by producing the same movement or by reducing undesirable movements
Fixators – are specialized synergists that hold a bone still so all the tension can be used to move another bone

33. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Use the following 7 criteria:
Direction of the Muscle Fibers – Are the fibers parallel or slanted?
Relative Size of the Muscle – Are the muscles large or small?
Location of the Muscle
Number of Origins – 2 (bi-); 3 (tri-); 4 (quad)
Location of the Muscle’s Origin and Insertion
Shape of the Muscle
Action of the Muscle

34. Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
To remain healthy, muscles MUST be regularly exercised. Without exercise, they atrophy; with extremely vigorous exercise, they hypertrophy.
As we age, muscle mass decreases and the muscles become stringy. Exercise helps to retain muscle mass and strength.
Body weight tends to decline in the elderly person as this natural loss in muscle mass occurs. Strength also decreases by about 50% by the age of 80.

35. Muscular Disorders Muscular Dystrophy
Muscle destroying disease that affects specific muscle groups.
The muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposit, but the muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy.

36. Muscular Disorders Myasthenia Gravis Affects muscles during adulthood
Characterized by drooping of the upper eyelids, difficulty in swallowing and talking, and generalized muscle weakness and fatigue.
Due to a shortage of acetylcholine receptors