1. what does REMI say? sm The Economic Impact of a Higher Education System on a State Economy Presented by: Christopher S. Gerlach, Associate Economist April 21, 2010

2. what does REMI say? sm State of Affairs Great Recession … Higher tuition … Private higher education – Job losses Lower income/wealth – … may limit access (in-state vs. out-of-state) … – … may scale down (2-year vs. 4-year) … – … may postpone/opt out … Public higher education – Lower output/employment Lower revenues – … limits tuition assistance loans, grants, etc. … – … reduction in service and/or increase in tuition …

3. what does REMI say? sm Policy Interface Inform state and local tax reform/budget shortfall decisions... potholes or professors? … Investigate the availability of loans, grants, etc. to make higher education more accessible, comprehensive and affordable … Explore immigration reform measures as they relate to higher education as an export industry … Examine other impacts of public policy decisions … primary and secondary education implications … socio- economic, racial equity considerations … Justify and/or quantify the economic impact of higher education at the national, state or local level …

4. what does REMI say? sm REMI & Higher Ed Past studies utilizing REMIs dynamic structural economic impact model: – Northwestern University, Illinois (1996) – University of North Carolina (system) (2001) – University of California (system) (2003) – Florida postsecondary centers and institutions (2003) – Washington hypothetical expansion of public higher education (2004) – University of Connecticut (2005) – Michigan, Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo hypothetical expansion of public higher education (2007) – Virginia public higher education and a hypothetical expansion (2009) This analysis revisits a 2008 study conducted by REMI for the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education (OSRHE) to measure the total economic impacts of the higher education system for the state of Oklahoma

5. what does REMI say? sm Oklahoma Higher Education Oklahoma has 59 postsecondary institutions – Number of Public: 29~49% – Number of Private: 30~51% – Number of 4-year: 39~66% – Number of 2-year: 20~34% – Enrollment: ~205,000* – Location: ~40% in Oklahoma City and Tulsa areas Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) – Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System (IPEDS). (2006-2007) (2007-2008). Largest institutions – Oklahoma State University (5 campuses ~30,000 students) – University of Oklahoma (3 campuses ~30,000 students) Data for 2008 study provided by Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education (OSRHE) – employment; graduate numbers; retention rates; construction and capital spending; student and visitor spending; etc.

6. what does REMI say? sm Model Specifications Tulsa MSA Counties Creek Okmulgee Osage Pawnee Rogers Tulsa Wagoner Creek Okmulgee Osage Pawnee Rogers Tulsa Wagoner Oklahoma City MSA Counties Canadian Cleveland Grady Lincoln Logan McClain Oklahoma Canadian Cleveland Grady Lincoln Logan McClain Oklahoma … 70-Sector 3-Region …

7. what does REMI say? sm Basic Methodology Direct jobs, student and visitor spending, and capital expenditures Productivity gains* Graduate earnings Competitiveness of Oklahoma industries *Utilizes a given level of graduate retention Additional benefits (outside scope of this analysis) – Better health – Reduced crime – Increased volunteerism – Increased innovation/entrepreneurship – Etc. Endogenous ripple and feedback effects

8. what does REMI say? sm Direct Jobs and Spending Faculty and staff employment and compensation – educational services – professional and technical services – administrative and support services Student and visitor spending – publishing, excluding internet (books) – educational services (tuition) – consumption (pizza, beer, hotels, etc) Construction, operations and maintenance – commercial and institutional building construction – highway, street, bridge and tunnel construction – computers and furniture

9. what does REMI say? sm Labor Productivity Gains Increased Labor Productivity Higher Compensation to OK Employees Higher Real Disposable Income Higher Consumption Higher Output/GSP Higher Employment Oklahoma Residents Oklahoma Businesses Increased Labor Productivity Decreased Production Costs Increased Market Share Increased Exports / Decreased Imports Higher Output/GSP Higher Employment

10. what does REMI say? sm REMI PI + Inputs Employment EffectStudent ExpendituresVisitors and Athletics Capital Expenditures and Construction Spending Graduate Earnings Productivity

11. what does REMI say? sm Partial Model Demo Direct Employment Impacts 200820092010…20472048Totals Educational Services183 … 7,510 Professional and Technical Services186 … 7,638 …………………… Administrative and Support Services250 … 10,235 Policy Variable: Industry Employment (number) Abbreviated Model Demonstration

13. what does REMI say? sm Change in GSP

14. what does REMI say? sm GSP Growth Drivers 100% = $1.361 trillion over 40 years (real)

15. what does REMI say? sm Employment and Labor Force Gains

16. what does REMI say? sm Employment Growth Drivers

17. what does REMI say? sm Summary Compounding effects of productivity gains from higher education – 2008: 2008 graduates with lifelong higher productivity – 2009: 2008 & 2009 graduates with lifelong higher productivity – 2048: 40 years of graduates with lifelong higher productivity Increased graduate earnings will contribute $8.825 billion annually to state disposable income consumption GSP/employment etc. Ripple and feedback effects – Direct employment gains 2008-2048: ~739 jobs annually – Total employment gains 2008-2048: ~6,200 jobs annually Through these individual and combined effects, investment in higher education builds the foundation of sustained economic growth and ensures a long-term regional competitive advantage.

18. what does REMI say? sm Questions/Comments? District Office:Headquarters: 700 12 th St. NW, Suite 700433 West St. Washington, DC 20005Amherst, MA 01002 Ph: 202.904.2490Ph: 413.549.1169 chris.gerlach@remi.cominfo@remi.com www.remi.com Christopher S. Gerlach Associate Economist

19. what does REMI say? sm Referenced Studies Northwestern University – Felsenstein, Daniel. 1996. The university in the metropolitan arena: impacts and public policy implications. Urban Studies 33, 9: 1565-1580. University of North Carolina (system) – Luger, Michael, Jun Koo, Jonathan Perry, and Stephen Billings. 2001. The economic impact of the UNC system on the State of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, NC: Office of Economic Development, Kenan Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. University of California (system) – ICF Consulting. 2003. Californias future: it starts here, UCs contributions to economic growth, health, and culture. Florida postsecondary centers and institutions – Harrington, Julie, Tim Lynch, Necati Aydin, and Deokro Lee. 2003. The economic impact of academic centers and institutions on state-level GRP. The Empirical Economic Letters 2, 6: 229-245. Washington hypothetical expansion of public higher education – Washington Research Council. 2004. Education initiative 884: short-term pain for long-term gain. Washington Research Council Special Report. University of Connecticut – McMillen, Stan. 2005. The economic impact of research at the University of Connecticut and the University Health Center. Storrs, CT: Connecticut Center for Economic Analysis, University of Connecticut. Michigan (Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo) hypothetical expansion of public higher education – Bartik, Timothy and George Erickcek. 2007. Higher education, the health care industry, and metropolitan regional economic development: what can eds & meds do for the economic fortunes of a metro areas residents? Staff Paper No. 08-140, Kalamazoo, MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. Virginia public higher education – Rephann, Terance, John Knapp, and William Shobe. 2009. Study of the Economic Impact of Virginia Public Higher Education. Charlottesville, VA: Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service, University of Virginia.

20. what does REMI say? sm Productivity Manipulation where, ΔOutput j t is the change in output of sector j in year t; Intermediate is the intermediate demand for employment in 2006; Emp is total employment in 2006; Grads is the total number of graduates of all degrees in 2006; ΔEmp is total new employment in 2006; Output j t is the baseline output of sector j in year t; TotalOutput t is the baseline output of the State of Oklahoma in year t; prod j t is the baseline labor productivity of sector j in year t; comp j t is the baseline average annual compensation of sector j in year t; DiffIn i t is the income differential of degree i in year t.

21. what does REMI say? sm Structural Model

22. what does REMI say? sm Structural Model (cont.)