1. Energy Presentation Things needed Things needed Renewable vs non-renewable Renewable vs non-renewable Primary uses Primary uses How was the source created, part of which natural cycle? How was the source created, part of which natural cycle? How does it create electricity, what is it’s efficiency, How does it create electricity, what is it’s efficiency, Cost / kwhr, power output, Cost / kwhr, power output, World use %age, largest reserves, World use %age, largest reserves, Pros vs cons Pros vs cons Air, water, land, biodiversity, economics, human health, … Air, water, land, biodiversity, economics, human health, … Pollutant output Pollutant output Availability Availability History, politics, recent events (Texas, US, World) and locations History, politics, recent events (Texas, US, World) and locations

2. Choices Coal Coal Petroleum Oil, Petroleum Oil, Tar Sands/Oil Shale Tar Sands/Oil Shale Natural Gas Natural Gas Nuclear Nuclear Wind Wind Solar Solar Hydroelectric Hydroelectric Geothermal Geothermal Waves, Waves, Tide Tide Biomass, biofuels Biomass, biofuels

3. APES Info Need gas and Electric bill for Friday. Need gas and Electric bill for Friday. Bill should have account#, provider, and bill amount. Bill should have account#, provider, and bill amount. Find out your house square footage and number of light bulbs in you house. How many incandescent vs. CFLs Find out your house square footage and number of light bulbs in you house. How many incandescent vs. CFLs Service hours to help recycle at the 5K run. Service hours to help recycle at the 5K run.

4. Chapter 16 and 17 Nonrenewable and Renewable (alternative) Energy Energy Efficiency

5. Forms of Energy

6. ENERGY The ability to move matter around. That something which is necessary to maintain life and a vibrant society. The ability to move matter around. That something which is necessary to maintain life and a vibrant society. Conservation of energy – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be changed from one form to another. Conservation of energy – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It can be changed from one form to another.

7. Forms of energy Energy can be in the form of light, heat, sound, electricity, motion (kinetic energy), or stored as a potential energy. Energy can be in the form of light, heat, sound, electricity, motion (kinetic energy), or stored as a potential energy. No energy conversion is 100% efficient when changed from one form to the next. No energy conversion is 100% efficient when changed from one form to the next.

8. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES About 99% of the energy we use for heat comes from the sun and the other 1% comes mostly from burning fossil fuels. About 99% of the energy we use for heat comes from the sun and the other 1% comes mostly from burning fossil fuels. Solar energy indirectly supports wind power, hydropower, and biomass. Solar energy indirectly supports wind power, hydropower, and biomass. About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources. About 76% of the commercial energy we use comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) with the remainder coming from renewable sources.

9. Energy Consumption in the United States Sequence of use Sequence of use 1. Wood - Biomass 2. Water 3. Coal 4. Natural gas 5. Oil 6. Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of today’s U.S. energy consumption

10. Energy Consumption in the United States

11. Fig. 16-2, p. 357 Oil and natural gas Floating oil drilling platform Oil storage Coal Contour strip mining Oil drilling platform on legs Geothermal energy Hot water storage Oil well Pipeline Geothermal power plant Gas well Valves Mined coal Pump Area strip mining Drilling tower Pipeline Impervious rock Underground coal mine Natural gas Water Oil Water is heated and brought up as dry steam or wet steam Water Coal seam Hot rock Water penetrates down through the rock Magma

12. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right). Commercial energy use by source for the world (left) and the U.S. (right). Figure 16-3

13. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available. Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available.

15. Electrical Power Production: The Beginning Michael Faraday 1831

17. OIL Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt. Crude oil (petroleum) is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons that we extract from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil and asphalt. Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit. Only 35-50% can be economically recovered from a deposit. As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques. As prices rise, about 10-25% more can be recovered from expensive secondary extraction techniques. This lowers the net energy yield. This lowers the net energy yield.

18. Core Case Study: How Long Will the Oil Party Last? Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years. Saudi Arabia could supply the world with oil for about 10 years. The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months (U.S.: 3 years). The Alaska’s North Slope could meet the world oil demand for 6 months (U.S.: 3 years). Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would meet the world demand for 1-5 months (U.S.: 7-25 months). Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge would meet the world demand for 1-5 months (U.S.: 7-25 months).

19. Caribou in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

20. Oil Drilling on the North Slope

21. Core Case Study: How Long Will the Oil Party Last? We have three options: We have three options: Look for more oil. Look for more oil. Use or waste less oil. Use or waste less oil. Use something else. Use something else. Figure 16-1

22. OIL Refining crude oil: Refining crude oil: Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column. Based on boiling points, components are removed at various layers in a giant distillation column. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top. The most volatile components with the lowest boiling points are removed at the top. Figure 16-5

23. OIL Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves. Eleven OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) have 78% of the world’s proven oil reserves and most of the world’s unproven reserves. After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives. After global production peaks and begins a slow decline, oil prices will rise and could threaten the economies of countries that have not shifted to new energy alternatives.

25. Inflation-corrected cost of total oil imported to the U.S. economy

27. Gasoline prices in today’s prices

28. Case Study: U.S. Oil Supplies The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. The U.S. – the world’s largest oil user – has only 2.9% of the world’s proven oil reserves. U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). U.S oil production peaked in 1974 (halfway production point). About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast. About 60% of U.S oil imports goes through refineries in hurricane-prone regions of the Gulf Coast.

30. OIL Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO 2 emissions. Burning oil for transportation accounts for 43% of global CO 2 emissions. Figure 16-7

32. CO 2 Emissions CO 2 emissions per unit of energy produced for various energy resources. CO 2 emissions per unit of energy produced for various energy resources. Figure 16-8

33. Hunter bags pipeline

34. Heavy Oils from Oil Sand and Oil Shale: Will Sticky Black Gold Save Us? Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems. Heavy and tarlike oils from oil sand and oil shale could supplement conventional oil, but there are environmental problems. High sulfur content. High sulfur content. Extracting and processing produces: Extracting and processing produces: Toxic sludge Toxic sludge Uses and contaminates larges volumes of water Uses and contaminates larges volumes of water Requires large inputs of natural gas which reduces net energy yield. Requires large inputs of natural gas which reduces net energy yield.

35. Oil Shales Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen. Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen. Figure 16-9

36. “I have to confess: I did not anticipate that we would have a problem this soon.” This was said by TransCanada County Commissioner in North Dakota after the Keystone 1 Pipeline sprayed a Geyser of Crude Oil 60 feet into the air on May 7, 2011.

39. Heavy Oils It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil. It takes about 1.8 metric tons of oil sand to produce one barrel of oil. Figure 16-10

40. NATURAL GAS Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. Natural gas, consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil. When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). When a natural gas-field is tapped, gasses are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas. Coal beds and bubbles of methane trapped in ice crystals deep under the arctic permafrost and beneath deep-ocean sediments are unconventional sources of natural gas.

41. Harvesting Methane from Cattle?

42. NATURAL GAS Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years. Russia and Iran have almost half of the world’s reserves of conventional gas, and global reserves should last 62-125 years. Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere. Natural gas is versatile and clean-burning fuel, but it releases the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (when burned) and methane (from leaks) into the troposphere.

43. Methane Breakdown

44. NATURAL GAS Some analysts see natural gas as the best fuel to help us make the transition to improved energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. Some analysts see natural gas as the best fuel to help us make the transition to improved energy efficiency and greater use of renewable energy. Figure 16-11

46. COAL Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Coal is a solid fossil fuel that is formed in several stages as the buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago. Figure 16-12

48. U.S. Coal Deposits

50. Fig. 16-13, p. 369 Waste heat Coal bunker Turbine Cooling tower transfers waste heat to atmosphere Generator Cooling loop Stack Pulverizing mill Condenser Filter Boiler Toxic ash disposal Wet Scrubber

51. Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years. Coal reserves in the United States, Russia, and China could last hundreds to over a thousand years. The U.S. has 27% of the world’s proven coal reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%). The U.S. has 27% of the world’s proven coal reserves, followed by Russia (17%), and China (13%). In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption. In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for 53% of the global coal consumption.

52. COAL Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel, but compared to oil and natural gas it is not as versatile, has a high environmental impact, and releases much more CO 2 into the troposphere. Figure 16-14

53. COAL Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal. Coal can be converted into synthetic natural gas (SNG or syngas) and liquid fuels (such as methanol or synthetic gasoline) that burn cleaner than coal. Costs are high. Costs are high. Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal. Burning them adds more CO 2 to the troposphere than burning coal.

54. COAL Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal- burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification. Since CO 2 is not regulated as an air pollutant and costs are high, U.S. coal- burning plants are unlikely to invest in coal gasification. Figure 16-15

55. Primary and Secondary Effects From Burning Coal Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H 2 O + Ash + (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat