1. Gigabyte Bandwidth Enables Global Co-Laboratories Prof. Harvey Newman, Caltech Jim Gray, Microsoft Presented at Windows Hardware Engineering Conference Seattle, WA, 2 May 2004

2. Analysis and development GlobalDistributedCooperative Massive amounts of data ~1 Gigabytes per second ~20 Petabytes per year Gigabyte bandwidth required 2007 5,000+Physicists 250+Institutes 60+Countries Today 500+ Physicists 100+ Institutes 100+ Institutes 35+ Countries 35+ Countries CMS Atlas Challenges Faced by Global Science Experiments

3. LHC Datal Grid Hierarchy Developed at Caltech 30 Petabytes by 2008 1 Exabyte by 2014 ~5 GBps CERN Filter Tier 0 +1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 1 … INP3RALINFNFNAL Tier 2 Institute Tier 2 Institute Tier 4 Experiment ~1 GBps ~PBps.1 GBps Physics data cache ~1 GBps Workstations

4. Global Integrated Systems http://ultralight.caltech.edu OC192 = 9.9 Gbps

5. 6.8 gbps ~ 850 mBps Internet2 Land Speed Records Send data from CERN to Caltech – Fast Use standard TCP/IP Rules set by Internet2 @ http://lsr.internet2.edu/ 64 bit OC 192 = 9.9 Gbps New speed record, multiple parallel streams: 6.2 gbps ~ 800 mBps mbps per second 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 200020012002200320042005

6. OC 192 = 9.9 Gbps 4:42 AM 6.8 Gbps

7. Windows Disk IO Bandwidth Details at: http://research.microsoft.com/~peteku/ WorkstationServer 2 x AMD Opteron 4 x AMD Opteron Tyan motherboard Newisys system SATA + NTFS sequential 20 disks 48 disks 1.0+ GBps read/write 2.0+ GBps read/write

8. Futures Beyond TCP/IP Predictable stability Better error and congestion control Hybrid networks with dynamic optical paths Higher speed links Truly global collaboration and virtual organizations