1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy  Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology  Study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 1. I can distinguish between anatomy and physiology.

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Gross anatomy (also known as macro)  Large structures  Easily observable Figure 14.1

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 2.I can distinguish between the different levels of study in anatomy.

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization 1.Chemical a. Atomic b. Molecular 2.Cellular 3.Tissue 4.Oran 5.Organ System 6.Organism

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 3.I can list the levels of structural organization from least to most complex and from most to least complex.

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview A.Integumentary System 1.Anatomy - bones, cartilage & joints 2.Physiology - forms the external body covering - protects deeper tissue from injury - synthesizes Vitamin D - location of cutaneous nerve receptors & sweat/oil glands

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview B.Skeletal System 1.Anatomy - bones, cartilage & joints 2.Physiology - protects & supports organs - provides a frame the muscles use to attach to & move - produces blood cells - hematopoiesis - stores minerals - calcium

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview C.Muscular System 1.Anatomy - skeletal muscles 2.Physiology - allows movement - maintains posture - produces heat

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview D.Nervous System 1.Anatomy - brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors 2.Physiology - fast-acting control system - responds to internal & external changes by activating muscles & glands Figure 1.2d

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview E.Endocrine System 1.Anatomy - glands located throughout the body (pituitary, & thyroid) 2.Physiology - slow-acting control system - secretes hormones to regulate body processes Figure 1.2e

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview F. Cardiovascular System 1.Anatomy - heart & blood vessels 2.Physiology - transports materials via blood pumped by the heart

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview G.Lymphatic 1.Anatomy - lymph fluid, lymph nodes & lymphatic vessels 2.Physiology - picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & return it to blood - involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview H.Respiratory System 1.Anatomy - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, & lungs 2.Physiology - keeps blood supplied with oxygen & removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview I.Digestive System 1.Anatomy - oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, & intestines 2.Physiology - breaks down & absorbs nutrients - removes indigestible wastes as feces Figure 1.2i

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview J.Urinary System 1.Anatomy - kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra 2.Physiology - eliminates nitrogenous waste as urine - regulates water, electrolyte & acid-base balance in the blood Figure 1.2j

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview K.Reproductive System 1.Anatomy a. female – uterine tube, uterus, ovaries & vagina b. male – prostate gland, vas deferens, testes & penis 2.Physiology - production of offspring - production of sex cells – sperm & eggs

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Figure 1.2k–l

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 4.I can describe the general structures and functions of the 11 human body systems.

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Did You Get It? (DYGI?)  Why would you have a hard time learning and understanding physiology if you did not also understand anatomy?  At which level of structural organization is the stomach? At which level is a glucose molecule?  Which organ system includes the trachea, lungs, nasal cavity, and bronchi?

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Maintain boundaries  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Digestion  Break-down and absorption of nutrients

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body  Produces energy (ATP)  Makes body structures  Excretion  Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Reproduction  Produces future generation  Growth  Increases cell size and number of cells

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objectives 5.I can describe the 8 necessary life functions.

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  Pressure  Atmospheric (exerted on surface of body by weight of air)  Must be appropriate  Hydrostatic (force applied by fluids)

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 6.I can describe the 5 survival needs.

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Life Activity Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Digestion Metabolism Excretion Survival Needs Water Nutrients Oxygen Heat/Body Temp Pressure

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interrelationships Among Body Systems Figure 1.3

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DYGI?  In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?  Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium  Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance  A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Control center Imbalance Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1a Variable (in homeostasis)

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1b Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 3 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Control center Imbalance

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 5 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 7.I can describe homeostasis and its importance in maintaining a healthy body.

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings I Can Objective 8.I can distinguish between and describe the two homeostatic feedback mechanisms.

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings DYGI?  When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging? Explain your answer.  When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the thirst sensation part of negative or a positive feed back control system? Defend your choice.

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Links http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/homeost asis/ http://www.lionden.com/homeostasis.htm

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Great Flying Wallendas

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings