1. Overpopulation and development

2. Overpopulation
The number of people in a region is greater than the ability of the land to support them
Carrying capacity= no. of people a region can support with its basic resources

3. Optimum Population – no of people in a region with high standard of living given regions level of development and natural resources at any time
Under population – no of people living in area cannot exploit fully the natural resources
Inward migration improves SOL for all
Ireland – labour shortages
2007 onwards and 1840’s overpopulated, Sahel; Africa and Bangladesh also

4. Influence of Society and culture on Population
Status of women:
Low status, low education (62% of women in India are illiterate), Marry young, male heir imp, high rate of malnutrition
India 20% of maternal deaths and 25% of child deaths world wide
Religion:
Strong religion = high BR
Oppose abortion and contraception (Catholic and Islamic)
Catholic influence is declining

5. Provision of Healthcare:
Local customs:
India, number of children = virility
Sons seen as economic advantage
Large families are insurance policy
Provision of Healthcare:
Better HC and clean water – lower child mortality
Somalia infant mortality is 118.5/1000
Norway /1000

6. Causes of overpopulation
High birth rates: demand on basic resources increase ie. The Sahel
Migration: people forced to leave areas puts new areas under pressure ie. Darfur in Sudan
Overuse of sources: resources that the population depend on becoming overused leading to overpopulation ie. Cod banks in the north atlantic

7. Factors to increase carrying capacity
How these factors work
1. Decreasing population
Reduces demand for basic resources
2. Fertilisers
Increase food supply and feed more people
3. New farming methods
Feed more people
4. Irrigation
Raises crop yields, more water
5. Better crops/ animals
6. Land reclamation
Provides new land for settlement and farming

8. Factors to decrease carrying capacity
How these factors work
1. Population growth
Raises demand for basic resources
2. Soil erosion
Reduces food supply
3. Deforestation
Reduces fuel supply/ increases soil erosion
4. Flooding
Destroys living space and farmland
5. Overgrazing/ over cropping
Damages soil and reduces food supply
6. Urbanisation
Raises demand for resources/ reduces farmland
7. Climate change
Makes land areas uninhabitable

9. Case study: The Sahel An area stretching across northern Africa
5,0000km long and 300km wide
Savannah land south of Sahara, semiarid zone
Limited resources, rainfall in downpours and evaporates quickly

11. Impact of the development of resources
Extends from Senegal (west) through Mauritania, Mali, Burkino Faso, Niger, Northern Nigeria, Sudan to Ethopia.
Poor quality soil only supports nomadic herders
Overgrazing causes desertification
Sahara extending 10km a year

12. Causes of Overpopulation
Climate Change – rainfall unpredictable, getting less rain due to global warming, no crops grew due to water shortage
Heavy downpours wash away the hard baked soil- these are most fertile soils
Soils are mainly Laterite and sand, don’t hold water well
High Temp and evaporation, led to wells drying up and droughts and famines e.g

13. Unsustainable farming methods:
Cattle number exceed carrying capacity – cattle seen as wealth, cattle numbers doubled, overgrazing
New wells discourage nomadic life, land stripped bare, roots no longer bind soil together, erosion
Deforestation due to fire and building material
Particularly bad at edge of desert where shrubs and trees would prevents deserts spread

18. Population Growth: Early expanding stage BR is 39, DR is 10
Increase in Refugees due to civil war and famine
1m fled from Ethiopia to Sudan
Pressure to grow cash crops e.g. cotton, led to nutrients being leached due to over cropping, failure to rotate, and using dung as fuel not fertiliser
As soils become exhausted more land is need to produce same amount of crops

19. Effects of Over Population
Socio-economic:
Human Activities main cause, frequency of famine due to overuse of resources
Increasing pop and refugees strain resources
Cash crops use land that used to provide food for locals
Nomadic way of life over so cattle strip land bare
Refugees dependent on aid and assistance

20. Environmental:
Change in rainfall – lake chad now 1/20th of size since 1970
Fishing boats seen stranded many miles from current shoreline
Conflict between Nigeria and Cameroon re fishing areas, borders no clearly defined as lake once occupied this area

26. Case study Focus on Sudan Same size as France Barren land
33% of population live in 7% of land
Capitol city Khartoum
Stage 2

27. Factors contributing to overpopulation and overuse of soils
1. Birth rate:
birth rate = 33 per thousand
death rate = per thousand
Population 43million
Infant mortality rates= 81 per thousand
½ population under 18= HDR
Led to a number of problems:
Overgrazing: status of cattle
Deforestation: need of fuel, manure often used (no natural fertilizer in the soil)
over cultivation: use of cash crops to pay debt

28. Factors contributing to overpopulation and overuse of soils
2. Migration and conflict:
Civil war and famine led to internal migration
Since 2003 Darfur has become a human rights crisis region
120,000+ fled to Chad or to area at the east of Sudan
Suffering brain drain
Influx of 1milliion+ from Ethiopia

29. Factors contributing to overpopulation and overuse of soils
3. Environmental degradation:
Global warming: increased temp and evaporation
Droughts reduces food production
Rainfall levels decreased by 30% over 20 yrs leading to drying of soil triggering erosion
Wells drying up and droughts , , dug lower which lowers the water table
Desertification caused by deforestation and drought cause the Sahara desert to spread southward by 10km a year

30. Unsustainable Farming Methods
CAUSE
EFFECT
OVERGRAZING
Cattle exceed carrying capacity
Indication of wealth and importance
GRASS CANNOT REGROW
SOIL EROSION
DESERTIFICTION
OVERCULTIVATION. FARMERS ARE FORCED TO GROW CROPS ON POOR LAND
THE CONTINUAL USE OF THE SOIL LEADS TO LOSS OF SOIL STRUCTURE. THE SOIL IS EASILY BLOWN AWAY BY DESERT WINDS
DESERTIFICATION
DEFORESTATION. TREES ARE REMOVED FOR FUEL AND TO CLEAR LAND FOR CROPS
REDUCED TRANSPIRATION OF MOISTURE FROM PLANTS LEADS TO LESS RAINFALL
ANIMAL MANURE USED AS FUEL INSTEAD OF WOOD. NO LONGER USED TO FERTILIZE THE GROUND
REDUCED CROP COVER

31. Effects of overpopulation
Socio-economic
Soil degradation
Cash crops on valuable land
Increasing population
Farmers more sedentary
Refugees not self reliant
Environmental
Change in rainfall patterns
Conflict over water

32. OVERPOPULATION AND INCOME
Areas with highest birth rates and highest levels of population growth have the highest levels of poverty
poorer countries have a higher birth rate
Children are seen as economic assets
In high income families – children an economic liability - $100,000 to rear child 1-18yrs
Education of women central to decline in birth rate
UN Development Programme:
1.3 billion live on less than .77 cent a day
800 million people do not get enough to eat
500 million are chronically malnourished

33. Impact of Income levels on development
Highest BR and Pop growth = Highest levels of poverty
Poor people = larger families, economic asset
High population density not sole indicator of poverty & population
High income families – children an economic liability
Education of women central to decline in birth rate

34. Income levels and development
Kenya
Pop 39.8m
Density of 69km
poor, mainly rural
Stage 2
Population growing rapidly (fertility rates high)
42% of pop= 1-14age group
Low incomes
Women low social status
Low quality education and health services
Infrastructure poor
Foreign investment weak
Underemployment and unemployment high
Low pop density but is overpopulated
South Korea
Pop 49m
Density of 487km
Successful economy, exports orientated
Stage 4
Population growing slowly
Economy developed per capita income improved
High quality education and health
Densely populated
Modern lifestyle and a good standard of living
Unemployment remains low
High pop density but it is not overpopulated

35. Impact of technology on population: medical technology
World pop doubled in 40yrs
Medical research has developed vaccinations as preventative measures
Improved access to family planning
Vaccinations have been developed to cure/prevent infections ie. Measles etc
Infant mortality rates decreased
Some are cheap and administrated in primitive conditions by use of syringe
Better education more women starting families later
Rate of increase not as rapid as a result
Geneline therapy promised to eliminate fatal human diseases

36. Impact of technology on population: agricultural technology Increase in food supply leads to longer life expectancy
Advance
Results
1. Improved fertilisers pesticides, herbicides and fungicides,
Increased yields, reduce crop loss
2. New strains of plants
Able to grow and thrive in strained conditions
3. Chemicals
New pesticides and herbicides allow food to thrive
4. Glasshouses
Able to grow plants in artificial conditions all year round
5. Machinery
Harvesters, planters, pickers gather more crops increasing yields, allow more land to be cultivated
6. Selective animal breeding
Increased meat and milk yields from each animal
7. Irrigation
Brings formerly dry land into production

37. HIV Causing Rising death rates in India and Africa
Expensive antiretrovial drugs can help but not reaching those that need them
MNC’s wont allow cheaper version of the drug to be made
South Africa 5.7m people are HIV positive
Policy change now allows HIV positive mothers to be treated so they wont pass it on to children

38. People in south are not malnourished because of a lack of food but because they are priced out of their reach
EU food mountains formed with excess food
Excess food sometimes sold to south but at very high prices

39. Ecological footprint and sustainability
Ecological footprint - Area of forest land, agricultural land, recreational space etc required by a person to live
Several hectares per person in the developed world V less than 1 hectare in developing world
2006 Switzerland 5.6 hectares
But China 1.8 hectares
Sustainability is based on the recognition that when a resource is consumed faster that it is produced or renewed the source runs out
Technology can make a positive difference
Developed world needs to change – buy food locally, reduce air travel etc

40. GM foods & The Green Revolution
Green Revolution – increase in food production, technology and research in 1960’s
GM food (Genetically Modified) have potential to reduce/eliminate food shortages
Modified for desired traits e.g. Disease resistance, increase yield up to 5 times, increase salt tolerance, increase nutritional value
India pop increase from 361m to 1094m could not be fed without GM food

41. Disadvantages:
Expensive products and equipment
Unavailable to small farmers who need them most
Oil derived fertilisers- non renewable resource
Genetic diversity reduced – farmers abandoning traditional crops for higher yielding GM foods

42. Population growth and developed countries
Developed countries are in stage 4 and 5
Agricultural and industrial revolution caused economic growth in Europe
Tax revenue allowed for continued investment in health and education
Increase in life expectancy and lower birth rate
Today high standards of living , aging population and high GNP

43. Population growth and developing countries
Stage 2 many countries experiencing high population growth
30% under the age of 14yrs
Increase need of food, infrastructure, education and services
Civil wars, corrupts leadership and MNC’s
Not experiencing economic development in the same way that Europe did as due to unfair trading systems
Migration to shanty towns – cities pop can double in 15yrs
Low incomes cannot afford to invest in education and health
Large families needed to provide economic security
Very young age dependency ratio
Population growth increase in rural-urban migration
Brain drain: leave to find well paid work else where
Loss slows down economic progress in country of origin

44. Over population impacts on society and culture in Bangladesh
Poor country, flood plain of Ganges & Bramaputra
Primary economic activity: agriculture
Population: 158 million+
28% urban areas
1100 per km squared
Causes of over population
Risk of flooding
Low lying delta
Annual monsoon season, typhoons over Bay of Bengal
1m of water floods 20% of Bangladesh land
Sterilises agri land and contanimates water
Infection: typhoid and cholera

45. Social Factors: Stage 3 (late expanding stage)
Birth Rates declining with family planning (difficult due to Muslim faith)
4 births per mother in 1990 but only 2.6 in 2011
Muslim: Marry young, arranged marriages, desire for sons
Adult literacy rate only 47%

46. Effects of overpopulation Bangladesh
Migration
Land scarce, live in vulnerable areas, greater risk,
Rural to urban migration, Dhaka, lack skills, live in shanty towns outside city
Overcrowding
Both rural and urban areas
Shanty towns= high mortality rates, high unemployment, poverty
Women, find jobs as domestic servants in Persian Gulf- remittance

47. 2006 Question Sahel Definition of OP Causes Effects Climate change
Pop growth
Farming methods
Resources running out
Effects
Socio economic
Soil damage
Farming Impossible
Increasing Refugees
Cash crops
Lake chad
Environmental
Change of rainfall