1. Spatial Dependence in Child Behavior Problems: Implications for Individual and Community-Wide Interventions Margaret O’Brien Caughy, Sc.D. Associate Professor and Director, Maternal and Child Health Training Program University of Texas School of Public Health Policy Forum on Neighborhoods, Community and Well-Being Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas December 11, 2012

2. Behavioral health a leading concern for parents Simpson, G. A., Cohen, R. A., Pastor, P. N., & Reuben, C. A. (2008). Use of mental health services in the past 12 months by children aged 4-17 years: United States, 2005-2006 NCHS data brief, No. 8. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.

3. Childhood behavior problems generate significant societal costs World Health Organization. (2003). Investing in mental health. Geneva, Switzerland: Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence.

4. Determinants of child behavior problems Conduct Disorder Sociocultural Context Mental Processes Biological Predisposition Peers Parenting Adapted from Dodge & Pettit, (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 39, 349-371.

5. Baltimore neighborhoods and child behavior problems Caughy, O'Campo, & Nettles, (2008). American Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 39-50.

6. Limitations of existing research Relying upon fixed administrative boundaries to define neighborhood (census tracts, census block groups) Failure to capture the complex nature of neighborhood effects Relying upon fixed administrative boundaries to define neighborhood (census tracts, census block groups) Failure to capture the complex nature of neighborhood effects 6

7. Study Overview Parent reported behavior problems for 261 youth (82% African American) Spatial analysis of effects of: –Housing conditions –Geographic peers Parent reported behavior problems for 261 youth (82% African American) Spatial analysis of effects of: –Housing conditions –Geographic peers

8. Distribution of dilapidated housing in Fair Park

9. Geographic distribution of children

10. Study Findings The geography that matters for: –Physical environment: 400-800m around child’s home –Behavior problems of neighborhood peers: 255m around child’s home Effects were simultaneous The geography that matters for: –Physical environment: 400-800m around child’s home –Behavior problems of neighborhood peers: 255m around child’s home Effects were simultaneous

11. Implications for intervention “The goal of the field of translational developmental science is to use ‘‘basic science’’ to cause population-level impact on raising healthy children, that is, to improve the overall rates of healthy outcomes and to decrease the overall rates of problem outcomes for the population of children in society... Unfortunately, the field has not yet demonstrated success in the goal of population impact.” (emphasis added)

12. Implications for intervention Community context is an important target for interventions to reduce child behavior problems Measuring geographic peer effects would provide a more accurate picture of effects of community-level interventions Community context is an important target for interventions to reduce child behavior problems Measuring geographic peer effects would provide a more accurate picture of effects of community-level interventions