1. Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks form when molten rock cools and solidifies.
Molten rock is called magma when it is below the Earth’s surface and lava when it is above.

2. L Igneous formed from Magma and Lava Magma • molten rock below Earth's
surface. L
ava •
magma on the Earth's surface.
Pyroclastic material • (
pyro
= fire,
clastic
= debris) •
Airborne lava —
cools as it falls

3. Igneous Rock classification
Igneous rocks are classified two different ways:
Where they were formed
What they are made from (mineral composition)

4. Igneous Rocks—“Fire Rocks” Formation Facts
1.Texture
2. Chemical
Composition
3. Porphyry
Dependent on time (cooling rate) and size of grain
Coarse-grained-- Slow cooling rate, large crystals and takes place beneath the earth (intrusive) [example: Granite(most common)]
Fine-grained—Fast cooling rate, small crystals. Cool quickly at the surface (extrusive) [Example: Basalt (most common)]
Most igneous rocks are made of various combinations of six minerals: quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, amphibole, olivine, and mica (some light and some dark).
An igneous rock whose cooling rate has changed and has two or more different sized crystals.

5. Igneous Rocks—“Fire Rocks” 2 types
Igneous rocks formed deep within the earth. Intrusive rocks reach the surface when the soil covering them is removed by erosion or when the forces of plate movement or earth quakes push them to the surface.
Igneous rocks formed from lava at the earth’s surface. Exterior of the Earth. Holes in rocks are formed when gases are trapped in lava as it cools [example: pumice]. No crystals are formed when it cools very quickly [example: obsidian].
Intrusive
Extrusive

6. Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks that form below the Earth’s surface are called intrusive igneous rocks (or plutonic).
The word “plutonic” comes from Pluto, the name for the Greek god of the underworld.
They form when magma enters a pocket or chamber underground and solidifies into crystals as it cools very slowly.

7. Cooling Histories Minerals need time and space to grow•
More time = Bigger crystals —
visible mineral grains
P & T control cooling rates of magma
Temp
Earth is a good insulator
holds in heat
keeps out cool
Atmosphere is a relatively bad insulator
transfers heat easily
Earth has pressure
Weight of overlying rocks
Magma trying to push up (density)
water vapor (steam), wants to expand

8. Intrusive Igneous Rock
Most intrusive rocks have large, well formed crystals. The mineral crystals within them are large enough to see without a microscope.
The more slowly molten rock cools within the Earth, the larger the igneous rocks crystals will be.
Examples of intrusive igneous rocks are granite, gabbro and diorite
Granite

9. Granite Granite is a very coarse-grained igneous rock.
Crystals are >2 cm, often larger.
Biotite mineral
grain
Feldspar
mineral
grain
Quartz mineral
grain

10. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma makes its way to Earth's surface. The molten rock erupts or flows above the surface as lava, and then cools forming rock.
Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, and andesite.

11. Granite & Rhyolite What are the textures in these two rocks ? Granite

12. Categories of Igneous Rocks
Granite
Intrusive rocks •
cool beneath Earth's surface •
cool very slowly •
higher P & T
Rhyolite
Extrusive rocks •
cool on the Earth's Surface •
cool relatively fast •
lower T & P

13. Volcanic Glass
Pumice, obsidian, and scoria are examples of volcanic glass.
These rocks cooled so quickly that few or no mineral grains formed.
Most of the atoms in these rocks are not arranged in orderly patterns, and few crystals are present.

14. Glassy Igneous Rocks
Glassy Igneous Rocks cool so rapidly, that atoms don’t have enough time to get together, bond and form crystals. To cool this quickly the rocks MUST be extrusive.
Pumice (left)
Scoria (bottom left)
Obsidian (bottom)
Note gasses in the lava can cause fine holes called vesicles as seen in the pumice and scoria.

15. Classifying Igneous Rock by mineral composition

16. Magma types
A way to further classify these rocks is by the magma from which they form. An igneous rock can form from, granitic, andesitic, or basaltic magma.
Magma composition determines the physical & chemical properties of an igneous rock

17. Granitic Rocks
Granitic igneous rocks are light-colored rocks of lower density than basaltic rocks.
Granitic rocks are coarse-grained
Granitic magma is thick and stiff and contains lots of silica but lesser amounts of iron and magnesium. Violent volcanic eruptions
It is the most common rock type on the continental land masses. Yosemite Valley in the Sierra Nevada and Mt. Rushmore are two notable examples of granitic rocks

18. Basaltic Igneous Rocks
Basaltic igneous rocks are dense, dark-colored rocks.
They form from magma that is rich in iron and magnesium and poor in silica, which is the compound SiO2.
The presence of iron and magnesium in minerals in basalt gives basalt its dark color.
Basaltic lava is fluid and flows freely from volcanoes in Hawaii, such as Kilauea.
Basalt is the most common rock type in the Earth's crust (the outer 10 to 50 km). In fact, most of the ocean floor is made of basalt

19. Andesitic Rocks
Andesitic igneous rocks have mineral compositions between those of basaltic and granitic rocks.
Many volcanoes around the rim of the Pacific Ocean formed from andesitic magmas.
Like volcanoes that erupt granitic magma, these volcanoes also can erupt violently.
Rocks made from andesite tend to be fine-grained.

20. Igneous Rocks Intrusive (coarse grained) Extrusive (fine grained)
Light colored
Granite
Porphyry
Rhyolite
Andesite
Pumice
Dark colored
Gabbro
Basalt
Obsidian
Mixed color
Diorite

21. How do we tell where the igneous rocks formed?
What can we derive from the rocks about the conditions of formation?