1. The Progressive Movement

2. Q: Which invention had the greatest effect on the Progressive Era?
A: The CAMERA!

3. Lewis Hine was a photographer who used his camera to promote social reform. He is most famous for his pictures of child labor.

23. Progressive Reform Areas
Suffrage
Civil Rights
Poverty
Alcoholism
Trusts
Education
Conservation
Consumer Protection
Democracy

24. Roots of the Progressive Movement
Progressive Movement: actually a collection of many movements, but generally a term that described the years from , when many Americans tried to improve many of America’s social problems. They were generally urban and middle class citizens, and they felt that the government should do more to help fix America’s problems.

25. Muckrakers
Muckraker: a journalist that investigated social conditions and exposed government corruption
their articles often brought attention to social problems and put pressure on government officials to make reforms

26. Magazines
magazines became popular at this time and some, like McClure’s, often supported the articles of muckrakers
some popular articles became a series of articles and eventually were turned into books

27. Authors
Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company exposed how John D. Rockefeller amassed his wealth
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in the nation’s meat packing industry
Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives, revealing the terrible living conditions of the urban poor
Lincoln Steffens wrote The Shame of the Cities, telling about political corruption in cities

29. Populist Connection
many of the ideas of the Progressive Movement were born in the old Populist Movement
both were “grass roots” (from the people) organizations
each optimistically believed that they could cause great changes to society through their actions

30. Aspects of the Progressive Movement
The Progressive Movement – Economic Issues
Monopoly and Trusts:
Sherman Antitrust Act: 1890 – made trusts illegal.
also addressed price fixing and restraint of trade practices
not well enforced at first – but is important because of the indication of government regulation of businesses

31. Child Labor at first reduced – then eliminated
marked the beginning of the creation of mandatory public schooling for children

32. Consumer Protection
Meat Inspection Act (1906): set standards for meat packing cleanliness and federal inspections
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

33. Working Conditions
Progressives had mixed results in attempts to limit working hours at first:
Lochner v. New York: ruled against limiting hours in bakeries because it violated the original contract between the employer and the employees
Muller v. Oregon: allowed women’s hours to be limited in order to protect the health of the women. This often kept women out of higher paying jobs.
In general though, the labor union movement did grow in importance during this time

34. The Progressive Movement: Social Issues

35. The Urban poor
The gap between the Rich and Poor grew wider during this time, especially in the cities
water and sewage systems began to be improved – to stop the spreading of diseases
building codes were written to create better housing conditions
Settlement Houses: located in working class areas, offered child care, education, job search help and social activities – often for new immigrants
- Hull House was famous in Chicago (started by Jane Addams)
- Henry Street Settlement in New York City

36. Hull House in Chicago, IL

37. Women’s Rights
Suffrage (the right to vote) was the leading issue concerning women at this time, but others included:
Education: More colleges and universities were accepting women
Birth Control: led by Margaret Sanger, this controversial issue was intended to help inform women about family planning options

39. Suffrage (right to vote)
this was the big issue for women’s rights
begun in the mid-1800’s in Seneca Falls, NY
led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Fueled again in the early 1900’s by the Progressive Movement, women leaders changed their attempt to win suffrage state-by-state – and pushed for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution
The role of women in World War I helped change many people’s minds
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920

40. African Americans
Booker T. Washington: promoted vocational training for African-Americans to support them economically
W.E.B. Du Bois: founded the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) He advocated for better educational opportunities for African-Americans
Ida B. Wells: journalist that wrote against lynching of African-Americans
Marcus Garvey: a separatist and nationalist, wanted African-Americans to go back to Africa

41. Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Dubois

42. Temperance
Many social problems were seen as the result of alcohol consumption
Reformers first tried to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed
later, a push for alcohol prohibition was begun

43. The Progressive Movement: Political Issues

44. Imperfect Democracy
a variety of reforms came about to make America more democratic than it had become in reality – as compared with the ideal vision of a democratic institution

46. Solutions
policies were enacted to encourage more participation of citizens – in order to have more say in their government’s activities
Initiative: citizens can initiate legislation at the grass roots level
Referendum: statewide public vote on a proposed legislation that originated through the initiative of the public
Recall: state voters can “recall” an elected official based on a collective feeling of “no confidence”
Direct Primaries: major political parties allow party members to actively participate in the process by which candidates are selected to run for offices

47. Progressive Presidents

48. Theodore Roosevelt Trust Buster: Conservation:
President Roosevelt worked to end any kind of monopolies in business:
felt there were “good” trusts, which needed to be regulated and “bad” trusts which needed to be dissolved
Northern Securities Case: Roosevelt sued the Northern Securities Railroad Company because it controlled too many of the railroads in the Northwest, and won
Conservation:
Newlands Reclamation Act: money from sale of public lands was used to pay for irrigation, dams, and land development projects
Tripled the amount of land set aside for public use as national forests, national parks, wildlife refuges, and national monuments
Pushed for the U.S. Forest Service to manage millions of acres of public lands

50. Woodrow Wilson
New Freedom: the name given to President Wilson’s progressive domestic policies
Armed with a mandate from the American people (Wilson won a huge Electoral College majority), and a Democratically controlled Congress, with bi-partisan support for change, Wilson was in a great position to make changes
Reduced the tariff on imported goods
Led reform of the inept national banking system
Strengthened the Sherman Act to combat trusts