1. War and the American Military

2. Overview The three factors that dominate war The elements of war
Talking Paper + Briefing
Image: Funeral procession at Arlington Cemetery, VA of SSgt Scott D. Sather, first combat casualty of OIF suffered by the USAF.

3. Factors Dominating War
Fog
Friction
Chance
Images: Napoleonic War re-enactment, the USS Indianapolis, and Coalition forces in a sandstorm in Iraq

4. Fog Difficulty to see and understand what’s happening in battle
Can be a literal “fog”
Or figurative:
Too much happening
Misinformation
Conflicting information
Overwhelmed with too much info
Battle of Waterloo,
June 1815

5. Friction Murphy’s Law at its worst!
Troops are lost
Bombs miss their target
Enemies don’t act as expected
Friction is that which seems easy in war planning, made difficult in reality!
“Everything in war is very simple, but the simplest thing is difficult.”
~ Clausewitz

6. Assassination attempt on Hitler
Chance
Plain dumb luck and fortune.
Col Stauffenberg
Assassination attempt on Hitler
Background: USS Pearl Harbor, circa 1937

7. Elements of War Participants Motives Objectives Scope of War
Level of Violence
Means Used
Asymmetry
Background image: U.S. Marine Corps Lance Cpl. Christopher Gibbs, assigned to 3rd Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team, leads the close order drill team formation during a Marine Corps corporals course drill evaluation Oct. 10, 2006, in Bahrain

8. Participants State vs. State Groups within a State Non-State entities
Iraq-Iran War
Groups within a State
Libyan civil war
Non-State entities
IRA, Hezbollah, al-Qaeda, etc.
Background: U.S. Army Sgt. Grinch, with Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), stands watch as his convoy takes a break when returning to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, following a medical civil aid mission in the village of Dur Baba, Afghanistan, Oct. 19, 2006.

9. Usually a mixture of some or all the above!
Motives
Secular ideology—Communist vs. Capitalist
Ethnic/tribal hatred— Tutsis vs. Hutus
Religion—Crusade, jihad, etc.
Territory—German conquest in WWII
Economic gain—Hitler’s rise to power
Revenge—Spanish-American War
Preemptive—6-Day War of 1967
Usually a mixture of some or all the above!
Image: Rwandan children

10. Objectives
Total: Political overthrow and/or extermination of your enemy (ethnic cleansing and/or genocide)
Limited: Concessions
Images: Hezbollah flag, Rwandan victims, a Holocaust concentration camp

11. Scope of War Global Regional Local WWI and WWII Six Day War
Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda
Images: Kosovo prison camp, WWI soldiers, image of Six Day War

12. Levels of Violence Total (Unlimited) War Limited
Complete mobilization, both of forces and national resources (e.g., WWII)
Limited
Restrain forces being used

13. Means Employed Weapons of Mass Destruction Conventional
CBRNE
Conventional
Guerilla/Urban warfare
Irregular forces vs. Regular forces
Urban warfare brings its own unique challenges
Terrorism
Theme of modern warfare!
Background image: U.S. Army Spc. Fred De La Cruz, from Alpha Company, 5th Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, watches illumination rounds fire in Mosul, Iraq, Oct. 26, 2006

14. Asymmetry Adversaries NOT fighting the SAME war
Different motives, objectives, means, etc.
Current war in Afghanistan exemplifies this “unevenness concept….” Consider:
Are the participants the same?
Do we employ the same means?
Are our motives the same?
Background: President George W. Bush gives a motivational speech to U.S. service members at Charleston Air Force Base, S.C., Oct. 28, 2006

15. Asymmetry (cont’d) Poses very real threat to US interests
Consider 9/11 & Al Qaeda
Asymmetric warfare requires us to adapt our doctrine to counter this new threat
Adapt our own asymmetric capabilities
Capitalize on strengths our enemy can’t adapt to
Exploit our advantages from asymmetry

16. Talking Paper
A quick reference outline on key points, facts, positions and questions to use during an oral presentation
T+Q page
Pg 210 shows and explains exactly how format should look, including where to double space
ID Line – 1 inch from bottom of page
Name/AFROTC Det 220/phone#/initials/date

17. Talking Paper Tips Don’t double space the whole thing
Indent each bullet enough so new thoughts can be easily seen
Include enough information so your audience can remember what you were talking about (see examples in T+Q).
Avoid one word bullets! Not enough information!

18. Talking Paper Tips Don’t double space the whole thing
Indent each bullet enough so new thoughts can be easily seen
Include enough information so your audience can remember what you were talking about (see examples in T+Q).
Avoid one word bullets! Not enough information!

19. Briefings: Format (sample)
Title
Presenter
Overview
MP1
MP2
MP1
Support info
MP2
Support info
Summary
MP1
MP2
Questions?
PowerPoint slides are your note cards; they help your audience, too.

20. Briefings: Introduction
Slide 1
Greeting, Intro self/subject
“Good morning/afternoon Ma’am/Sir”, “I’m C/4C Snuffy and I’m going to talk about…”
Slide 2
Overview
“State main points (MPs)—what’s to come”
Title
Presenter
Overview
MP1
MP2

21. Briefings: The Body (MPs)
Support info
Sources
Present support info
Ideas
Definitions
Examples
Comparisons
Testimony
Visuals
Graphs
Pictures/clip art
Quotes
Props
MP2
Support info
Sources
Support Info can include:
Graphs,
Pictures,
Quotes

22. Briefings: Conclusion
Summary
State topic and MPs
Quick summary; don’t rebrief
Don’t add new info
Last Slide
“This concludes my briefing.”
“Are there any questions?”
Summary
MP1
MP2
Closure Slide:
“Quote”
Any questions?
Remember: PowerPoint slides are your note cards; they help your audience, too.

23. Effective Delivery Method Eye Contact Body Movement Gestures Voice
Don’t read word for word, carry note cards with ideas vs full sentences
Eye Contact
Look directly at people, it helps keep people interested and you get non-verbal feedback
Body Movement
Don’t lean on lectern, sway, rock or other repetitive movements
Gestures
Gestures can reinforce what you are saying and helps keep audience focused
Voice
Quality, articulation and variety
Avoid ‘um’, ‘uh’, ‘OK’
Transitions
Logical flow aids in listening and the audience can follow the message 9 9

24. Summary Factors Dominating War Elements of War
Talking Paper + Briefing