1. Unit 3 Nanomaterials

2. Fullerenes Discovery Description and Nomenclature Applications
Synthesis and Manufacturing

3. Introduction to Fullerenes
Discovery of Buckminster Fullerene
Smalley’s Apparatus
C60
A new form of carbon
Discovery of carbon nanotubes
Properties of carbon nanotubes
Applications of carbon nanotubes

4. Smalley, Kroto and Curl
Research in long carbon chain molecules observed in outer space.
Discovered Buckminsterfullerene a new form of carbon shaped like a soccer ball1985.
Received the noble prize in Chemistry in 1996 for the discovery of fullerenes.

5. Smalley’s Apparatus
Distribution of carbon clusters produced under various experimental conditions.
a) Low helium density over graphite target at time of laser vaporization.
b) High helium density over graphite target at time of laser vaporization.
c) Same as b), but with addition of "integration cup" to increase time between vaporization and cluster analysis.

8. A new form of carbon!
Graphite
Diamond
Fullerenes

9. Sumio Iijima Discovered the carbon nanotube in 1991.
"Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon", S. Iijima, Nature 354, 56 (1991)
The carbon nanotube is like a sheet of graphite that has been rolled into a cylinder.

10. Carbon Nanotubes at CVTC

11. Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
Zig Zag
Armchair

12. Chiral
This configuration can be thought of as in between Zig Zag and Armchair. When viewed from the end Chiral looks like a spiral.

13. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

15. Carbon Nanotube Nomenclature
(0,0)
(1,0)
(2,0)
(1,1)
(2,1)
The white circles indicate a metallic CNT
The black circles indicate a semiconductor CNT

16. nxn Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

17. Distortions may occur in the CNT structure.

18. C60 Enclosing Other Atoms

19. Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
100 times stronger than steel at 1/6 the weight.
Can be conductors or semiconductors.

20. Potential Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Energy storage
Field emission devices
Transistors
AFM tips
Nanotweezers
Composite materials
Nano structures
Potential for extremely strong light weight cables/space elevator
Physical memory

21. Nanotubes may be spun into yarn

22. Peapod Nanotubes

23. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes

24. Energy Storage Hydrogen Storage Lithium intercalation
6.5% by weight is needed
Some studies show CNTs can achieve this
Lithium intercalation
Electrochemical supercapacitors

25. Molecular Electronics
Field emitters
Transistors – CNTs are p-type. They can be doped with K to make them n-type.
Nanotube RAM physical memory device
Nanowires
CNT wires could replace copper wires someday. They may be able to carry x the current of copper.
RbCs2C60 is the highest temperature carbon based super conductor yet discovered Tc = 33 K

26. Single Nanotube Properties
Electronic properties can be measured with STM.
Raman spectroscopy can be used to identify nanotubes.

27. Nanoprobes and Sensors
AFM & STM probe tips
Nanotweezers
CNTs enclosed in lipids have been proposed as a biosensor.

28. Composite Materials
Composite materials usually involve adding a material to a polymer such as plastic.
CNTs added to plastic can result in a conductive plastic.

29. Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display

30. Super strong cables
The strength of carbon nanotubes have suggested that it may be possible to create a super strong and lightweight cable with them.
Such a cable may be able to create a space elevator.

31. Space Elevator

32. Functionalized Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes can react chemically with many different chemicals.
Functionalizing CNTs give them different properties such as they can be made soluble in water.
Aldrich sells CNTs with polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid (PABS) a water soluble conducting polymer covalently bonded directly to the nanotube.
Lipids can be organized around CNTs.
Benzene can be attached to carbon nanotubes.
Nanotubes can be opened filled with a metal and closed.

33. Nano Machines

34. CNT Synthesis
A metal particle is acts as a catalyst for carbon nanotube growth.
Growth takes place in an inert atmosphere. Often He.
A source of carbon and energy are needed.
Metal
CH2=CH2
Metal
Substrate
Substrate

35. Arc Discharge

36. Arch discharge in LN2

37. Laser Ablation

38. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

39. CNT Purification
Carbon nanotubes must usually be purified in some way to remove the catalyst.
Oxidation
Acid treatment
Annealing
Ultrasound
Magnetic purification
Micro-filtration
Chromatography

40. Links
Manufacturers:

41. Manufacturers http://home.flash.net/~buckyusa/ http://carbolex.com/

42. News http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7081