1. Creating Sustainable Development Through Geospatial Technologies Jan Cothran jcothran@etchincevents.com Independent Consultant Middle Tennessee State University

2. Sustainable Development “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (World Commission on Environment, 1987)

3. Marshall McLuhan Canadian media scholar and pop culture icon Coined the phrase “The medium is the message,” meaning that any media or technology has an effect on its user completely independent of its content (Levinson, 2001).

4. McLuhan’s 4 Laws of the Media Enhances or Extends Obsolesces Reverses or Evolves into Retrieves Tetrad

5. Manchester EoC Manchester EoC mapping interface (Kingston, 2007, p.142).

6. Participatory 3D Modeling (P3DM) Presentation by Giacomo Rambaldi (Rambaldi, March 2007)

7. Ogiek Hunter Gatherers From the Mau Forest Complex in Kenya Ogiek Elders posing behind their Participatory 3D Model (Rambaldi, et al., 2007, p.125).

8. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.”

9. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.”

10. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.”

11. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.”

12. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.”

13. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.” “I noticed that if there is a case, I can answer the questions of my living area because I know my landscape better.”

14. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.” “I noticed that if there is a case, I can answer the questions of my living area because I know my landscape better.” “I discovered that we have potentiality of managing of our rivers and plant trees.”

15. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.” “I noticed that if there is a case, I can answer the questions of my living area because I know my landscape better.” “I discovered that we have potentiality of managing of our rivers and plant trees.” “I discovered that 3D Model help solving dispute/conflicts.”

16. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.” “I noticed that if there is a case, I can answer the questions of my living area because I know my landscape better.” “I discovered that we have potentiality of managing of our rivers and plant trees.” “I discovered that 3D Model help solving dispute/conflicts.” “I learnt that this exercise could be of good help to the future generation in terms of learning.”

17. Ogiek comments after PGIS “I felt overwhelmed to see it [our land] brought back.” “We are happy for we have learnt things about our land we had forgotten.” “I discovered that we can do mapping which we thought we could not be able to do.” “I learnt that other people of different technologies can help unearth lost information.” “I felt proud of my clan territory being marked out and also the entire community land.” “I noticed that if there is a case, I can answer the questions of my living area because I know my landscape better.” “I discovered that we have potentiality of managing of our rivers and plant trees.” “I discovered that 3D Model help solving dispute/conflicts.” “I learnt that this exercise could be of good help to the future generation in terms of learning.” “I feel that these maps can be used by Ogiek people to enhance their land legal issues.” (Rambaldi et al., 2007, p.125-126)

20. CIA produced Map of Kenya 1974 Ethnic map of Kenya from (Kenya Maps, 1974).

21. Benedict Anderson and “Thinking the Nation” Anderson argues that print capatalism, and particularly its inception through printing the Guttenburg bible, weeded out fringe language dialects creating large areas of common language that eventually solidified nation state boundaries in Europe (Anderson, 1991).

22. Conclusion Natural resources do not follow nation state boundaries. Geospatial technologies’ ability to display multiple layers of data including ecoregions, make them powerful tools with respect to sustainable development. Participatory mapping processes can utilize the universal cross-cultural language of the visual representation of one’s environment to analyze and forecast, explain, promote, and educate about environmentalism and sustainability.

23. This presentation is an excerpt from: From Geography to Mass Communications: A View of Participatory GIS Through the Lens of McLuhan (Cothran, 2008). The full thesis can be found in the virtual library at www.iapad.org www.iapad.org

24. References Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities. New York, NY: Verso. Cothran, J. (August, 2008). From Geography to Mass Communications: A View of Participatory GIS Through the Lens of McLuhan. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Middle Tennessee State University. Kenya Maps. (1974). Retrieved June 26, 2008 from the Perry-Castaneda Library Map Collection, The University of Texas at Austin Web site: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/kenya_ethnic_1974.jpghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/kenya_ethnic_1974.jpg Kingston, R. (2007). Public participation in local policy decision-making: the role of web-based mapping. The Cartographic Journal 44(2), 138-144. Retrieved January 9, 2008 from http://www.ppgis.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/caj_paper.pdf http://www.ppgis.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/caj_paper.pdf Levinson, P. (2001). Digital McLuhan a guide to the information millennium. London and New York: Routledge. McLuhan, M., McLuhan, E. (1988). Laws of media the new science. Toronto, Buffalo, and London. University of Toronto Press. Rambaldi, G. (March, 2007). Participatory 3D Modelling: a method for improving grassroots management of natural resources. Presentation at the Tech for Food International Forum, Paris. Rambaldi, G., Muchemi, J., Crawhall, N., & Monaci, L. (2007). Through the eyes of hunter-gatherers: participatory 3D modeling among Ogiek indigenous peoples in Kenya. SAGE Publications, 23(2/3), 113-128. Retrieved January 16, 2008 from http://idv.sagepub.comhttp://idv.sagepub.com Sui, D. Z., & Goodchild, M. F. (2003). A tetradic analysis of GIS and society using McLuhan’s law of the media. The Canadian Geographer, 47(1), 5-17. Retrieved December 25, 2007 from http://www.blackwell- synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1541-0064.02e08http://www.blackwell- synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1541-0064.02e08 World Commission on Environment and Development (August, 1987). Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. Published as Annex to General Assembly document A/42/427, Development and International Co-operation: Environment. Retrieved November 11, 2009 from http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htmDevelopment and International Co-operation: Environment http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm