1. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 Introduction to Biological Process Engineering CP504 – Lecture 1 - learn about the need of biological process engineering - learn about the role of C&P engineering in it

2. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 Reference texts used for CP504 ppt preparation: 1)Lee JM, 1992, Biochemical Engineering, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 2)Shuler ML and Kargi F, 2005, Bioprocess Engineering - Basic Concepts, Second Edition, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India 3)Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF, 1973, Biochemical Engineering, Second Edition, New York & London: Academic Press

3. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 - Biological process engineering is a study of processing systems based on living cells or cellular components (such as enzymes). - Chemical and process engineering principles are used to study the bioreaction kinetics, design of bioreactors and recovery bioproducts. - Bio process engineering is used in chemical industry (lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, etc.), foods industry (yogurt, beer, etc.) and pharmaceutical industry. - Penicillin is an example of the need and success of biological process engineering.

4. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 - In 1928, Alexander Fleming was trying to isolate the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (which causes boils) - He did it by growing the bacterium on the surface of a nutrient solution - One of the dishes was contaminated by a common mold of the Penicillium genus (Penicillium notatum) Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin:

5. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 - It did not allow the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, to grow close to its colony - Fleming realized that Penicillium notatum had antimicrobial properties - So that was the discovery of penicillin Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin:

6. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 - Fleming grew the mold, extracted it and managed to obtain tiny quantities of penicillin - Large-scale production was not possible for another decade to come (why?) - Fermentation process was not successful for large-scale production - low rate of production required large reactors - diluted product (1 ppm) was difficult to recover - too fragile and unstable to purify and recover - chemical synthesis was tried for commercial production, which was however not a commercial success - went back to fermentation process for large-scale production Penicillin:

7. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 - a better medium (corn steep liquor-lactose based medium) was developed to increase productivity by 10 fold - A new strain Penicillium chrysogenum was used - progress involved better understanding of mold physiology metabolic pathways penicillin structure methods of mutation and selection process control reactor design - a chemical engineer and a microbiologist were assigned to work together on the engineering and biology aspects, respectively - biological process engineering was born Large-scale production of Penicillin:

8. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 Large-scale production of Penicillin: Penicillium chrysogenum Fermentation tanks Seed fermenter Surge tanks Rotary filter Nutrient tanks Spent mold Centrifugal extractor Solvent Spent solvent Purification column Centrifugal extractor Spent solvent Evaporator Slurry Crystal wash Evaporator Crystalline potassium penicillin Mix tank Solvent Mix tank Procaine, HCl solution Centrifuge Solvent Screen Vacuum freeze dryer Procaine penicillin product

9. Prof. R. Shanthini 16 Sept 2011 Part of the assignment in CP504 is to be based on introduction to biological systems for the production of commercial goods and services (such as foods, drugs, chemicals, fuels, equipment, diagnostics, and waste treatment).