1. International Practices in National Qualification Frameworks Development World Bank TVEM project Republic of Kazakhstan

2. NQFs why? Roles of NQFs Increase transparency national and international Promote life-long-learning Create consistency (coordination of SQFs) Alignment various sub-systems: basic-secondary general and VET-higher education Inclusion of non-formal and informal learning Inclusion drop outs, migrants Access and permeability to grow in career through education and training Reference point for quality assurance Strengthen cooperation between stakeholders

3. NQF development stages 4 stages discerned: Conceptualisation and design Consultation and testing Official establishment and adoption Practical implementation Groups followed 3 pathways: Provide a legal basis Amend existing laws for roles and responsibilities Ministerial decisions and administrative decrees

4. Defining NQF countryLevel descriptorsStakeholder involvement Duration development Level reference EQF EstoniaKnowledge, skills Autonomy, responsibility Ministries, agencies, E&T QF-EHEA 2007 Act 2011 EQF UKKnowledge and understanding Generic cognitive Communication Autonomy, accountability Working with others SQA, universities QAA, Ass.Scottish colleagues and Scottish Ministers QF EHEA 2008 QCF 2003- 2008 +4 entry Scotland +1 entry Wales GermanyProfessional: knowledge and skills Personal: social, autonomy Ministry E&R, Ministries lander E&T, social partners, researchers and practitioners DQR 2006- 2011 QF EHEA 2005 EQF NetherlandsContext, knowledge, skills Responsibility, independence Min. ECS All relevant stakeholders QF EHEA 2005 NLQF 2009- 2011 +1 entry SpainKnowledge, skills competence MinistriesNQF 2009- 2011 EQF

5. Defining NQF Q = E + T? Formulation per level asks growth per (sub-) indicator: typical terms are scope, complexity, Concise formulation asks the use of aggregated terminology Variation range for sectors: objects, activities (mental, manual, instrumental), performance standards for results and the technology involvement

6. SQF development levelknowledgeskillscompetence Depth Breadth (more complex, more) Mental Manual Instrumental Individual Social Professional Initiative-creation More / variety contexts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

7. The qualification gap on the labour market EmployersEmployees QuantitySupply of personnel Problem Division problem QualityQualification problemExploitation problem

8. Recruitment options knowledgeskillscompetence 3 4 5 knowledgeskillscompetence 3 4 5 Recruit level 4, add skills training to required level Recruit level 5 with skills at level 4; upgrade job with higher knowledge and competence