1. Post World War I Nationalism Chapter 15

2. Mexican Revolution Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico as a dictator for 35 years Welcoming foreign investors, Mexico appeared to be growing in peace and economy, however only an elite few benefited Most peasants lived in poverty working on haciendas Francisco Madero, demanding free elections, lead a rebellion that forced the resignation of Diaz in 1911 Madero was assassinated two years later

3. Revolution Leads to Change President Carranza approved a new constitution (still used today) in 1917 that addressed land, religion, and labor…nationalization of natural resources Carranza was overthrown in 1920, and the Institutional Revolutionary Party took control of government in 1929 and accommodated many groups in society (business, military, peasants, and workers) Under the PRI Mexico’s government stabilized and many positive reforms were made (land distribution, schools) PRI---dominated Mexican politics until 2000 Mexico was the first Latin American country to pursue real social and economic reforms for a majority of its people

4. Nationalism at Work in Latin America Economic Nationalism---goal of Latin American countries to end its economic dependence on industrial powers (especially the US) -I.E.: Mexico-oil fields Political- Stronger authoritarian governments rose in Latin America amid the economic crisis (Great Depression)---control, direct, and protect economies Cultural Nationalism---reject European influences…took pride in one’s own culture IE- revival of mural paintings (Diego Rivera) Good Neighbor Policy---US pledge to lessen its interference in the affairs of Latin American nations

5. Africa Africa Resists Colonial Rule During WWI more that 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities. As European countries wanted to maintain their profits from cash crops, many Africans were impoverished and living in famine as not enough food was being grown. Instead the situation stayed the same or was worse

6. Opposing Imperialism Many Western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of colonial rule, however most good jobs went to Europeans As in other parts of the world, the ideas of socialism found growing audiences

7. Racial Segregation and Nationalism in South Africa From 1910 to 1940 whites strengthened their grip on S.A., imposing a system of racial segregation (economic, political and social white supremacy) 1948- Apartheid (policy of rigid segregation) became a law

8. Nationalism and an Africa for Africans Pan-Africanism- unity of Africans and people of African decent worldwide “Africa for Africans”…end colonial rule- Marcus Garvey

9. Pan-African Congress Forges Ties A. American scholar W.E.B. Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress in 1919 Delegates from US, African colonies, and the West Indies called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans (demands ignored, but it established cooperation)

10. The Negritude Movement Shows Pride French speaking writers in West Africa and the Caribbean expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule

11. Egypt Gains Independence 1922- after the war, riots, protests, and strikes forced Britain to grant Egypt their independence (GB still controlled the monarchy)

12. The Middle East Turkey and Persia Modernizes

13. Ataturk Sets Goals Mustafa Kemal overthrew the Ottoman sultan, defeated the Greeks (who claimed the lands after WWI), and declared Turkey a republic (Greeks leave Turkey, 1.3 million) Kemal took the name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”) Goal was to modernize Turkey along Western lines and separate religion from government

14. Westernization Transform Turkey Government built railroads, factories, and hired westerners to advise on how to make Turkey economically independent Ruled with an iron hand…many questioned his dictatorial powers and his rejection of religion in law

15. Nationalism and Reform at Work in Persia Ataturks success inspired the neighboring Persians Reza Khan overthrew the shah, and rushed to modernize Persia (factories, roads, railroads and strengthened the army) Forced Persians to wear western clothes and set up modern secular schools Persuaded the Brits to give Persia a larger share of the oil profits

16. Arab Nationalism in the Middle East Oil became a major factor throughout the Middle East as gas powered vehicles in WWI showed that oil was the fuel of the future Foreign companies began to move in the Middle East to exploit its large oil reserves

17. Par-Arabism Grows Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to to North America (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco) Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state

18. Betrayal at the Peace Conference Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the war Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations Arabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western Imperialism Center of turmoil was the British mandate of Palestine

19. Promises in Palestine During WWI the Allies made two conflicting promises to the Arabs 1-Promised Arabs their own kingdoms in the former Ottoman lands, including Palestine 2-Balfour Declaration (attempting to win support of European Jews) advocating the idea of setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine

20. A Bitter Struggle Begins 1919-1940- thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in Europe Jews worked to modernize and also established farming communities Some Arabs welcomed the new money, however tensions between the two groups rose Even today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine

21. Calls for Independence After World War I, Britain promised Indians greater self-government. They received only minor reforms instead. After a massacre in the city of Amritsar, the Congress party in India called for full independence. Mohandas Gandhi brought Indians together to demand it. 1 of 6 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule Witness History Audio: Indian Frustration The Power of Nonviolence Gandhi launched a series of nonviolent actions, including a boycott of British goods, and attracted much support…Civil Disobedience (influence by American philosopher Thoreau)

22. Gandhi Takes a Stand: The Salt March Gandhi chose to take a stand against the rule that Indians buy only British salt. He led a long march to the sea, where thousands of Indians harvested sea salt. Gandhi and others were jailed. Some marchers were beaten. Britain was forced to give limited power to Indians. 2 of 6 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule Britain brought the Indians into World War II, and millions of Indians helped the British cause. India was granted independence after the war.

23. Looking Ahead 3 of 6 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule

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25. The Chinese Republic in Trouble Twenty-One Demands- list of demands from Japan to make China a protectorate of Japan After the death of the second president of China, local warlords seized power, and the influence of foreign powers increased. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement sought to strengthen China and end foreign domination by rejecting Confucianism and many traditional practices. Some Chinese also turned to Marxism. May Fourth Movement- cultural and intellectual ferment…strengthen China Struggle for a New China The Nationalist party of China, called the Guomindang, was first led by Sun Yixian and then by Jiang Jieshi. Jiang led the combined forces of the Guomindang and Chinese Communists in the Northern Expedition to defeat the warlords and unite China. When Jiang turned on the Communists, a civil war broke out in China. Communist leader Mao Zedong led an effort to gain the support of peasants by redistributing land. Mao’s forces were forced to make the Long March into northern China to avoid the Guomindang. 1 of 8 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 4: Upheavals in China

26. Japanese Invasion Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931. Then, in 1937, they bombed Chinese cities and invaded eastern China. The Guomindang and Communists fought the Japanese together in this Second Sino-Japanese War. 3 of 8 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 4: Upheavals in China Looking Ahead By the end of World War II, China was split between the Jiang’s Guomindang and Mao’s communist Party. As corruption grew in Jiang’s government, the Communists gained support and would eventually take control.

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28. Nationalism and Revolution Around the World: Section 4 Note Taking Transparency 164B 6 of 8

29. Japan on the Rise in the 1920s Through policies of democratization and limited foreign expansion, along with the enjoyed peace and economic well-being, Japan’s economy grew until an earthquake hit Tokyo in 1923 and government corruption led to protests. 1 of 7 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 5: Conflicting Forces in Japan Witness History Audio: Japan in the Midst of Change

30. The November Revolution Brings the Bolsheviks to Power When the Great Depression hit in 1929, Japanese exports fell and its people suffered. Ultranationalists seized the moment to demand renewed expansion. In 1931, Japanese army officers provoked an incident that led to the invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations when this act was condemned. 2 of 7 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 5: Conflicting Forces in Japan

31. Militarists in Power To alleviate a struggle with ultranationalists, the Japanese government suppressed most democratic freedoms and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito. The goal of the conquest of China was renewed. During World War II, Japan allied with Germany and Italy and spread the war into the Pacific region. 3 of 7 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World Section 5: Conflicting Forces in Japan

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