1. S ATYAGRAHA AND ‘N ONVIOLENCE ’: G ANDHI IN S OUTH A FRICA

2. S ATYAGRAHA Sa tyagraha = Satya (truth) and Agraha (holding firmly to). Satya Satyagraha - Not the same as - "passive resistance“ “Truth (satya) implies love, and firmness (agraha) engenders and therefore serves as a synonym for force. I thus began to call the Indian movement Satyagraha, that is to say, the Force which is born of Truth and Love or non-violence, and gave up the use of the phrase “passive resistance”, in connection with it, so much so that even in English writing we often avoided it and used instead the word ‘satyagraha”

3. S ATYAGRAHA Satyagraha demands: "Sat" "Ahimsa" "Tapasya" Satyagraha literally means insistence on truth. This insistence arms the votary with matchless power. The force to be so applied can never be physical.

4. P RINCIPLES FOR S ATYAGRAHA 1. Nonviolence (ahimsa) 2. Truth — this includes honesty, but goes beyond it to mean living fully in accord with and in devotion to that which is true 3. Non-stealing 4. Chastity— this includes sexual chastity, but also the subordination of other sensual desires to the primary devotion to truth 5. Non-possession (not the same as poverty) 6. Body-labor or bread-labor 7. Control of the palate 8. Fearlessness 9. Equal respect for all religions 10. Economic strategy such as boycotts (swadeshi) 11. Freedom from untouchability On another occasion, he listed seven rules as “ essential for every Satyagrahi in India 1. must have a living faith in God 2. must believe in truth and non-violence and have faith in the inherent goodness of human nature which he expects to evoke by suffering in the satyagraha effort 3. must be leading a chaste life, and be willing to die or lose all his possessions 4. must be a habitual khadi wearer and spinner 5. must abstain from alcohol and other intoxicants 6. must willingly carry out all the rules of discipline that are issued 7. must obey the jail rules unless they are specially devised to hurt his self respect

5. H OW DOES SATYAGRAHA DIFFER FROM OTHER FORMS OF NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE ? In traditional violent and nonviolent conflict, the goal is to defeat the opponent or frustrate the opponent’s objectives, or to meet one’s own objectives despite the efforts of the opponent to obstruct these. In satyagraha, by contrast, these are not the goals. “ Success is defined as cooperating with the opponent to meet a just end that the opponent is unwittingly obstructing Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong It admits of no violence under any circumstance whatsoever Insists upon truth. Gandhi contrasted satyagraha with other forms of non violent resistance which he believed were based on an appeal to narrow self interest and which failed to reach out the opponent

6. H OW EFFECTIVE IS SELF - SACRIFICE IN NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE non-violence = absence of militancy ? indomitable spirit of the community readiness to lay one's life on the line Physical suffering is not just borne and overcome but actually welcomed and celebrated by the community. Fear of the ‘Other’, the ‘Enemy’.

7. H OW EFFECTIVE IS SELF - SACRIFICE IN NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE We can see Ghandi non violence provided a potent means for legitimate and effective form of resistance within the new political order. Under Ghandian leadership the downtrodden were able to advance their cause by adopting position of superior morality that of non violence

8. S ATYAGRAHA - PRIMARILY A WESTERN TECHNIQUE THAT WAS I NDIANISED ? significantly influenced by the writings of the Russian philosopher Tolstoy Gandhi was inspired by the campaigns of passive resistance waged by the Hungarian nationalist against the Hapsburg between 1849 and 1867 It is not based on brute force or hatred. It does not aim at destroying the tyrant. It is a movement of self-purification. it therefore seeks to convert the tyrant. Although non-co-operation is one of the main weapons in the armoury of Satyagraha, it should not be forgotten that it is after all only a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with truth and justice..

9. S ATYAGRAHA - PRIMARILY A WESTERN TECHNIQUE THAT WAS I NDIANISED ? It was based in part on the forms of civil resistance that had been developed in Europe, the United states and India, in part on his own strong moral principles, and in part through a dialogue with various modes of moral protest and mass resistance already practised in India

10. S ATYAGRAHA IN S OUTH A FRICA

11. W HAT ASPECTS OF THE SOCIETY AND CULTURE OF S OUTH A FRICA WERE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN THE FORMATION OF G ANDHI ’ S IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA ? Jonathan Hyslop: Argued Socio political context of Indians in Johannesburg was strikingly different that any where-else Oppressive context of South Africa that Gandhi blossomed in a way he would probably not have, had he stayed in India Migration had ripped up people from their context and juxtaposed them in a dramatic way All faced common problems

12. Although Gandhi was creating nationalism, it was one linked to a humanistic universalism It was apparently oppressive context of south Africa that Gandhi blossomed in a way he would probably not have, had he stayed in India

13. S ATYAGRAHA - C ONCLUSION political and moral. more important that the action be carried out on the highest moral plane. Means and ends can be on the same plane, e.g. political means and political ends. But for Gandhiji, the political ends were grounded in moral means. This is the grounding of each and every action.