1. An Indo-US joint mega-project concept proposal
LIGO-India
An Indo-US joint mega-project concept proposal
IndIGO Consortium
(Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations)
Version: pII_v2 Jun 20, 2011 : TS

2. LIGO-India: Salient points of the megaproject
On Indian Soil will draw and retain science & tech. manpower
International Cooperation, not competition LIGO-India success critical to the success of the global GW science effort. Complete Intl support
Shared science risk with International community  Shared historical, major science discovery credit !!!
AdvLIGO setup & initial challenge/risks primarily rests with USA.
AdvLIGO-USA precedes LIGO-India by > 2 years.
India sign up for technically demonstrated/established part (>10 yr of operation in initial LIGO )  2/3 vacuum enclosure + 1/3 detector assembly split (US ‘costing’ : manpower and h/ware costs)
However, allows Indian scientist to collaborate on highly interesting science & technical challenges of Advanced LIGO-USA ( ***opportunity without primary responsibility***)
Expenditure almost completely in Indian labs & Industry huge potential for landmark technical upgrade in all related Indian Industry
Well defined training plan core Indian technical team thru Indian postdoc in related exptal areas participation in advLIGO-USA installation and commissioning phase, cascade to training at Indian expt. centers
Major data analysis centre for the entire LIGO network with huge potential for widespread University sector engagement.
US hardware contribution funded & ready advLIGO largest NSF project, LIGO-India needs NSF approval but not additional funds

3. Advanced LIGO Take advantage of new technologies and on-going R&D
>> Active anti-seismic system operating to lower frequencies:
(Stanford, LIGO)
>> Lower thermal noise suspensions and optics :
(GEO )
>> Higher laser power 10 W  180 W
(Hannover group, Germany)
>> More sensitive and more flexible optical configuration:
Signal recycling
Design: 1999 – 2010 : 10 years of high end R & D internationally.
Construction: Start 2008; Installation 2011; Completion 2015

4. Schematic Optical Design of Advanced LIGO detectors
Reflects International cooperation
Basic nature of GW Astronomy
LASER
AEI, Hannover
Germany
Suspension
GEO, UK

5. LIGO-India: unique once-in-a-generation opportunity
LIGO labs LIGO-India
180 W pre-stabilized Nd:YAG laser
10 interferometer core optics (test masses, folding mirrors, beam splitter, recycling mirrors)
Input condition optics, including electro-optic modulators, Faraday isolators, a suspended mode-cleaner (12-m long mode-defining cavity), and suspended mode-matching telescope optics.
5 "BSC chamber" seismic isolation systems (two stage, six degree of freedom, active isolation stages capable of ~200 kg payloads)
6 "HAM Chamber" seismic isolation systems (one stage, six degree of freedom, active isolation stages capable of ~200 kg payloads)
11 Hydraulic External Pre-Isolation systems
Five quadruple stage large optics suspensions systems
Triple stage suspensions for remaining suspended optics
Baffles and beam dumps for controlling scattering and stray radiation
Optical distortion monitors and thermal control/compensation system for large optics
Photo-detectors, conditioning electronics, actuation electronics and conditioning
Data conditioning and acquisition system, software for data acquisition
Supervisory control and monitoring system, software for all control systems
Installation tooling and fixturing

6. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb
Advanced LIGO Laser
Designed and contributed by Albert Einstein Institute, Germany
Much higher power (to beat down photon shot noise)
10W  180W
Better stability
10x improvement in intensity and frequency stability
Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

7. Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb
Advanced LIGO Mirrors
Larger size
11 kg -> 40 kg
Smaller figure error
0.7 nm -> 0.35 nm
Lower absorption
2 ppm -> 0.5 ppm
Lower coating thermal noise
All substrates delivered
Polishing underway
Reflective Coating process starting up
Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

8. Advanced LIGO Seismic Isolation
Two-stage six-degree-of-freedom active isolation
Low noise sensors, Low noise actuators
Digital control system to blend outputs of multiple sensors, tailor loop for maximum performance
Low frequency cut-off: 40 Hz -> 10 Hz
Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

9. Advanced LIGO Suspensions
UK designed and contributed test mass suspensions
Silicate bonds create quasi-monolithic pendulums using ultra-low loss fused silica fibres to suspend interferometer optics
Pendulum
Q ~105  ~108
Suppression at 10 Hz : ?
at 1 Hz : ?
40 kg silica test mass
four stages 9
Courtesy: Stan Whitcomb

10. “Quantum measurements” to improve further via squeezed light:
LIGO-India: unique once-in-a-generation opportunity
“Quantum measurements”
to improve further via squeezed light:
New ground for optical technologists in India
High Potential to draw the best Indian UG students typically interested in theoretical physics into experimental science !!!

11. LIGO-India vs. Indian-IGO ?
Primary advantage: LIGO-India Provides cutting edge instrumentation & technology to jump start GW detection and astronomy.
Would require at least a decade of focused & sustained technology developments in Indian laboratories and industry
180 W Nd:YAG: 5 years;
Operation and maintenance should benefit further development in narrow line width lasers.
Applications in high resolution spectroscopy,
precision interferometry and metrology.
Input conditioning optics..Expensive..No Indian manufacturer with such specs
Seismic isolation (BCE,HAM) .. Minimum 2 of years of expt and R&D.
Experience in setting up and maintaining these systems  know how for isolation in critical experiments such as in optical metrology, AFM/Microscopy, gravity experiments etc.
10 interferometer core optics.. manufacturing optics of this quality and develop required metrology facility : At least 5 to 7 years of dedicated R&D work in optical polishing, figuring and metrology.
Five quadruple stage large optics suspensions systems years of development.. Not trivial to implement.
Benefit other physics experiments working at the quantum limit of noise.

12. LIGO-India: Expected Indian Contribution
Indian contribution in infrastructure:
Ultra-high Vacuum enclosure on large scale (1.)
Site (L-configuration: Each m x 4.2 km) (4.)
HPC -Data centre (5.)
Indian contribution in human resources:
Trained Scientific & engineering manpower for detector assembly, installation and commissioning (2.)
Trained SE manpower for LIGO-India sustained operations for next 10 years (3.)
Major enhancement of Data Analysis team. Seek Consolidated IndIGO participation in LIGO Science Collab. (Sept 2011)
Expand theory and create numerical relativity simulation. Expect hiring in premier institutions

13. 1. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum enclosure
S.K. Shukla (RRCAT),A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT),
S. Bhatt (IPR), Ajai Kumar (IPR)
To be fabricated by IndIGO with designs from LIGO. A pumped volume of 10000m3 (10Mega-litres), evacuated to an ultra high vacuum of 10-9 torr (pico-m Hg).
Spiral welded beam tubes 1.2m in diameter and 20m length.
Butt welding of 20m tubes together to 200m length.
Butt welding of expansion bellows between 200m tubes.
Gate valves of 1m aperture at the 4km tube ends and the middle.
Optics tanks, to house the end mirrors and beam splitter/power and signal recycling optics vacuum pumps.
Gate valves and peripheral vacuum components.
Baking and leak checking

14. LIGO Beam Tube
LIGO beam tube under construction in January 1998
16 m spiral welded sections
girth welded in portable clean room in the field
1.2 m diameter - 3mm stainless
50 km of weld
NO LEAKS !!
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

15. Beam Tube Construction
transport
beamtube
install
Concrete
Arches
girth
welding
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

16. LIGO beam tube enclosure
minimal enclosure
reinforced concrete
no services
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

17. LIGO Vacuum Equipment
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

18. Large scale ultra-high Vacuum enclosure
Fabricated and installed by Indian Industry under close monitoring by science & technology team
5 Engineers and 5 technicians
Oversee the procurement & fabrication of the vacuum system components and its installation.
If the project is taken up by DAE then participation of RRCAT & IPR is more intense
All vacuum components such as flanges, gate-valves, pumps, residual gas analyzers and leak detectors will be bought. Companies L&T, Fullinger, HindHiVac, Godrej with support from RRCAT, IPR and LIGO Lab.
Preliminary detailed discussions with Industry in Feb 2011 : Companies like HHV, Fullinger in consultation with Stan Whitcomb (LIGO), D. Blair (ACIGA) since this was a major IndIGO deliverable to LIGO-Australia.
Preliminary Costing for LIGO-India vacuum component is 400 cr.
(S K Shukla)

19. Detector Installation using Cleanrooms
Chamber access through large doors
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

20. HAM Chamber
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

21. Optics Installation Under Cleanroom Conditions
IndIGO - ACIGA meeting

22. 2. Detector assembly, installation & commissioning
No manpower required for design and development activity !!!
For installation and commissioning phase:
Identify core scientists (postdoctoral) who spend a year, or more, at Advanced LIGO-USA during its install. & comm.
LIGO proposal doc
Already 1 IndIGO postdoc at LIGO Caltech, another under considerstion in LIGO and EGO
6 full time engineers and scientists in India.
If project sanctioned, manpower sanctioned, LIGO-India project hiring required at institutions like RRCAT, TIFR, IUCAA,….
Present expertimental expertise within IndIGO
Laser ITF: Unnikrishnan (TIFR), Sendhil Raja (RRCAT), Anil Prabhaker.
(IITM), Pradeep kumar (IIT K) . Can scale to 10 Post-doc/Ph.D students. Over 2-3 years. Train on 3-m prototype too.
UH Vacuum: S.K. Shukla (RRCAT),A.S. Raja Rao (ex RRCAT), S. Bhatt (IPR), Ajai Kumar (IPR)

23. LIGO-India: … the challenges
3. Manpower generation for sustenance of LIGO-India : Preliminary Plans & exploration
Since Advanced LIGO will have a lead time, participants will be identified who will be deputed to take part in the commissioning of Advanced LIGO and later bring in the experience to LIGO-India. They will start building groups with associated training program.
Successful IndIGO Summer internships in International labs underway
High UG applications 30/40 each year from IIT, IISER, NISERS,..
2 summers, 10 students, 1 starting PhD at LIGO-MIT
Plan to extend to participating National labs to generate more experimenters
IndIGO schools are planned annually to expose students to emerging opportunity in GW science
1st IndIGO school in Dec 2010 in Delhi Univ. (thru IUCAA)
Post graduate school specialization courses , or more
Jayant Narlikar: “Since sophisticated technology is involved IndIGO should like ISRO or BARC training school set up a program where after successful completion of the training, jobs are assured.”

24. Indo-US centre for Gravitational Physics and Astronomy
APPROVED for funding (Dec 2010)
Centre of the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF)
Exchange program to fund mutual visits and facilitate interaction.
Nodal centres: IUCAA , India & Caltech, US.
Institutions:
Indian: IUCAA, TIFR, IISER, DU, CMI - PI: Tarun Souradeep, IUCAA
US: Caltech, WSU PI: Rana Adhikari, Caltech

25. Indian Site Preliminary exploration: low seismicity
LIGO-India: … the challenges
Requirements:
Low seismicity
Low human generated noise
Air connectivity,
Proximity to Academic institutions, labs, industry
Preliminary exploration:
IISc new campus & adjoining campuses near Chitra Durga
low seismicity
1hr from Intl airport
Bangalore: science & tech hub
National science facilities complex plans  power and infrastructure availablity

26. IndIGO Data Centre@IUCAA
Anand Sengupta, DU, IndIGO
Primary Science: Online Coherent search for GW signal from binary mergers using data from global detector network
Coherent  4 x event rate (40-> 160 /yr for NS-NS)
Role of IndIGO data centre
Large Tier-2 data/compute centre for archival of GWdata and analysis
Bring together data-analysts within the Indian gravity wave community.
Puts IndIGO on the global map for international collaboration with LIGO Science Collab. wide facility. Part of LSC participation from IndIGO
Large University sector participation via IUCAA
200 Tflops peak capability (by 2014)
Storage: 4x100TB per year per interferometer.
Network: gigabit+ backbone, National Knowledge Network
Gigabit dedicatedlink to LIGO lab Caltech
20 Tf 200 Tb funded IUCAA : ready Mid 2012

27. LIGO-India: … the challenges Organizational
National level DST-DAE Consortium Flagship Mega-project
Identify a lead institution and agency
Project leader
Construction: Substantial Engg project building Indian capability in large vacuum system engg, welding techniques and technology
Complex Project must be well-coordinated and effectively carried out
in time and meeting the almost zero-tolerance specs
Train manpower for installation & commissioning
Generate & sustain manpower running for 10 years.
Site
short lead time
International competition (LIGO-Argentina ??)
Technical
vacuum enclosure (tubes & end station)
Detector assembly and commissioning
Data centre

28. LIGO-India: Project team requirements
LIGO-India: … the challenges
LIGO-India: Project team requirements
LIGO-India Director
Project manager
Project engineering staff:
Civil engineer(s)
Vacuum engineer(s)
Systems engineer(s),
Mechanical engineers
Electronics engineers
Software engineers
Detector leader
Project system engineer
Detector subsystem leaders
10-15 talented scientists or research engineers
with interest and knowledge collectively spanning:
Lasers and optical devices, Optical metrology, handling and cleaning, Precision mechanical structures, Low noise electronics, Digital control systems and electro-mechanical servo design, Vacuum cleaning and handling)

29. LIGO-India: Action points
If accepted as a National Flagship Mega Project under the 12th plan then…
Seed Money
Identification of 3-6 project leaders
Detailed Project Proposal
Site identification
1st Staffing Requirement meeting Aug 1-15
2nd Joint Staffing Meeting with LIGO-Lab
Vacuum Task related team and plans

30. Concluding remarks on LIGO India
Home ground advantage !!! Once in a generation opportunity
Threshold of discovery and launch of a new observational window in human history!! Century after Einstein GR, 40 yrs of Herculean global effort
Cooperative, not competitive science
India at the forefront of GW science with 2nd generation of detectors: Intl. shared science risks and credit
Low project risk: commit to established tech. yet are able to take on challenges of advLIGO (opportunity without primary responsibility)
Attain high technology gains for Indian labs & industries
India pays true tribute to fulfilling Chandrasekhar’s legacy:
”Astronomy is the natural home of general relativity”
An unique once-in-a-generation opportunity for India. India could play a key role in Intl. Science by hosting LIGO-India.
Deserves a National mega-science initiative
Thank you !!!
“Every single technology they’re touching they’re pushing, and there’s a lot of different technologies they’re touching.”
(Beverly Berger, National Science Foundation Program director for gravitational physics. )

31. Logistics and Preliminary Plan
Assumption: Project taken up by DAE as a National Mega Flagship Project.
All the persons mentioned who are currently working in their centers would be mainly in a supervisory role of working on the project during the installation phase and training manpower recruited under the project who would then transition into the operating staff.
Instrument Engineering: No manpower required for design and development activity. For installation and commissioning phase and subsequent operation
Laser ITF: Unnikrishnan, Sendhil Raja, Anil Prabhaker.
TIFR, RRCAT, IITM. 10 Post-doc/Ph.D students. Over 2-3 years.
Spend a year at Advanced LIGO. 6 full time engineers and scientists. If project sanctioned, manpower sanctioned, LIGO-India project hiring at RRCAT, TIFR, other insitututions/Labs.

32. Logistics and Preliminary Plans
42 persons (10 PhD/postdocs, 22 scientists/engineers and 10 technicians)
Mobile Clean rooms:
Movable tent type clean rooms during welding of the beam tubes and assembly of the system. Final building a clean room with AC and pressurization modules. SAC, ISRO. 1 engineer and 2 technicians to draw specs for the clean room equipments & installation.
Vibration isolation system: 2 engineers (precision mechanical)
install and maintain the system. Sourced from BARC. RED (Reactor Engineering Division of BARC) has a group that works on vibration measurement, analysis and control in reactors and turbo machinery.
Electronic Control System: 4 Engineers
install and maintain the electronics control and data acquisition system. Electronics & Instrumentation Group at BARC (G. P. Shrivastava’s group) and RRCAT.
Preliminary training:six months at LIGO. Primary responsibility (installing and running the electronics control and data acquisition system): RRCAT & BARC. Additional activity for LIGO-India can be factored in XII plan if the approvals come in early.

33. … Logistics and Preliminary Plans
Teams at Electronics & Instrumentation Groups at BARC may be interested in large instrumentation projects in XII plan.
Control software Interface: 2 Engineers
install and maintain the computer software interface, distributed networking and control system). RRCAT and BARC. Computer software interface (part of the data acquisition system) and is the “Human-machine-interface” for the interferometer. For seamless implementation man power to be sourced from teams implementing Electronic Control System.
Site Selection & Civil Construction
BARC Seismology Division Data reg. seismic noise at various DAE sites to do initial selection of sites and shortlist based on other considerations such as accessibility and remoteness from road traffic etc. DAE: Directorate of Construction, services and Estate Management (DCSEM): Co-ordinate design and construction of the required civil structures required for the ITF. 2 engineers + 3 technicians (design & supervision of constructions at site). Construction contracted to private construction firm under supervision of DCSEM.