1. Chapter 12: Services
Key Issue 1

2. Shoppers in Salzburg, Austria

3. Origins & Types of Services
Types of services divided into three types
Consumer services: provide services to individual consumers who desire them & can afford them
Business services: facilitate other businesses
Public services: provide security and protection for citizens and businesses

4. Percent GDP from Services, 2005
2/3 of GDP in MDCs are in Service Industry
Less than ½ in LDCs are in Service Industry
Fig. 12-1: Services contribute over two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries, compared to less than one-half in less developed countries.

5. Consumer Services Provide services to individual consumers
Nearly ½ of jobs in US
Four main types:
Retail & wholesale services
Education services
Health services
Leisure and hospitality services

6. Retail and Wholesale Services
Consumer Services
11% of US jobs: retail
Department stores
Grocers
Cars
Building materials
Clothing

7. Education Services Consumer Services 11% of jobs in US
2/3 of educators in public schools
1/3 in private schools
Counted in public-sector

8. Health Services Consumer Services 10% of jobs in US Hospitals
Doctor’s offices
Nursing homes

9. Leisure & Hospitality Services
Consumer Services
10% of all jobs
¾ of these jobs are restaurants & bars
¼ of these jobs in lodging/entertainment

10. Eco-tourism in Costa Rica
Rapidly growing sector, especially in MDCs
Multitrillion dollar industry
Generates several hundred million jobs
Especially important in Latin America/Caribbean islands: near US
Read p.402
List Pros/Cons of EcoTourism
of this growing industry
Costa Rica’s Tortuguero National Park draws eco-tourists to the tropical rainforest.

11. Business Services
Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services
¼ of jobs in US

12. Financial Services Business Services 6% of US Jobs FIRE Financial: ½
Insurance: 1/3
Real Estate

13. Professional Services
Business Services
13% of US jobs
Management positions
Technical services: law, accountant, architecture, engineering, design, consulting
Support Services: clerical, secretarial, custodial

14. Transportation and Similar Services
Business Services
Businesses that diffuse/distribute services
6% of US jobs
Transportation: trucking
Information services: publishing, broadcasting
Utilities: water & electricity

15. Public Services
To provide security and protection for citizens & businesses
16% of US jobs
Federal government
State government
Local government

16. Changes in Number of Employees
Change in classification of jobs makes changes difficult to compare
Service Sector: expansion in professional services
Engineering, management, law
Consumer Service: expansion in healthcare, recreation/entertainment
Public Services: declining. Many federal jobs have moved to state & local

17. Employment Change in U.S.
Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

18. Origin of Services Services clustered in settlements First… Later…
Early Consumer Services
Early Public Services
Later…
Early Business Services

19. Early Consumer Services
Early consumer services: Bury the dead
Honor dead, celebrate anniversary of death
Permanent resting places, priests for services
Encouraged building of structures
House families
Pots, tools, clothing, educate children
Evolved to include schools, libraries, theatres, museums
Became manufacturing centers: stones, tools, weapons, wood

20. Early Public Services Followed religious activities
Political leaders chose permanent settlements
Vulnerable for attack: needed soldiers
Surround settlement with wall for defense
Centers of military power

21. Early Business Services
Transportation Services
Import food from other settlements
Allowed access to wide variety of vegetation, animals, minerals
Some settlements became neutral warehouse centers for surplus goods tor trade
New services: setting prices, regulate trade, keep records, create currency system

22. Services in Contemporary Rural Settlements
Settlements surrounded by fields, where food was grown by planting & raising animals
Most people live in rural settlements today
Clustered Rural Settlements: number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses & farm buildings
Dispersed rural settlements: contemporary North American rural landscape , farmers live on isolated farms, away from neighbors

23. Clustered Rural Settlements
Includes homes, barns, tool sheds,
Consumer services: religious structures, schools, shops
Public/Business services also present
Each person allocated land for farming (rent/own)
Land may be allocate for specific agric purpose
Encourages living near farm settlements, less distance between fields

24. Clustered Rural Settlements
Satellite Settlement
New settlements created when population grew
Great Offley
Little Offley
Offley Grange
Clustered within a few kilometers of each other

25. Growth of Rural Settlements
Fig. 12-3: The establishment of satellite settlements in a rural landscape over time is illustrated by the number of places named “Offley” in this area.

26. Circular Rural Settlements
Central open space
Surrounded by structures
Krall Villages in Southern Africa
Livestock in center
Surrounded by houses
East Africa: Masai people
German: Gewandorf settlement
Seen in Von Thunen’s Model

27. Circular Kraal Villages in Southern Africa

28. Linear Rural Settlements
Buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications
Fields extend behind buildings in long, narrow strips
Seen along St Lawrence River in Quebec and lower Mississippi River , settled by the French
“Long-Lot” Sytsem: houses along river

29. Rural Settlement Patterns
Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear “long lot” patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

30. Clustered New England Town
Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around a common.