1. M+P – consulting engineers Müller-BBM group Acoustics Noise and vibration control Air quality Air Quality alongside motorways 1712091 Air Quality alongside motorways Part 1 Gijsjan van Blokland PhD, Sr. Consultant M+P Lotje van Ooststroom, Rijkswaterstaat (IPL)

2. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712092 Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

3. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712093 1952 2009

4. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712094 air polluting elements emitted by road traffic Simple gasses: NO x =(NO+NO2); Complex molecules: VOS en PAK’s Particles: PM 10-2,5, PM 2,5, PM 1

5. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712095 health effects air pollution ▪Lung diseases COPD ▪Asthma and bronchitis ▪Heart and vascular diseases

6. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712096 Health effect defined in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) DALY is the number of lost healthy life years in the Netherlands population. It represents the weighted sum of: ▪the number of affected persons ▪the severity of the disease ▪the amount of lost healthy life years

7. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712097 % in leven Bereikte leeftijd

8. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712098 8 DALY´s related to environmental pollution

9. Air Quality alongside motorways 1712099 Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

10. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120910 Remote sensing of NOX concentration in W-Europe.

11. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120911 NOX and PM10 in NL in 2008

12. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120912 Yearly averaged PM10 concentration 1992 - 2007

13. M+P – consulting engineers Müller-BBM group Acoustics Noise and vibration control Air quality Air Quality alongside motorways 17120913

14. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120914 bron: Milieubalans, PBL, 2008 Example of NO2 pattern in city Origin of contributions to local air pollution

15. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120915 Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

16. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120916 Limit values in European Directive Maximum annual average Maximum days exceeding limit value Maximum hours exceeding limit value NO 2 40 µg/m 3 Max 18 hours/year 200 µg/m 3 PM 10 40 µg/m 3 Max 35 days/year >50 µg/m 3

17. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120917 Limits have to be enforced in 2010 100% achievement of limits not possible. Therefore enforcement not possible. Derogation procedure in the EU: -delayed enforcement of the limit values until 2015 -combined effect of measures defined in a national coordinated air quality program (NSL) will satisfy limit values in 2015. -small worsening allowed (3%) in order not to block essential improvements in the road network of housing construction.

18. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120918 Content 1.Air quality and health 2.Air quality in the Netherlands 3.Air quality and legislation 4.Source description and propagation process 5.Measurements procedures 6.Measures 7.Future developments

19. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120919 bron: CE, Bron van inspiratie, 2005

20. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120920 Exhaust emission Tyres + brakes + road surfaces Background Deposition Resuspension Transport to boundary layer Sources and local propagation of PM10

21. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120921 NO 2 Background Exhaust emission NO and O 3  NO 2 Behind barrier Transport to boundary layer Sources and local propagation of NOX

22. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120922 Vehicle specific emission is very complex example of NOX emission of three EURO 3 vehicles as a function of engine speed and engine load

23. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120923 NOX emission of HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0  EURO 5 Source: Pischinger et al, Update of the emission functions for heavy duty vehicles in the handbook Emission factors road traffic, Bericht nr. Pi-55/01 d.d. 30.4.2002 Graz University of Technology

24. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120924 PM10 emission of average HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0  EURO 5

25. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120925 Introduction of EURO classes

26. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120926 -exhaust -tyre -brake -clutch road surface emission cumulation: road surface wear / brakes / tyres / salt / clay direct emission background indirect emission meteo influence Re-suspension deposition Emission and local propagation of PM10

27. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120927 Frame work of immission determination

28. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120928 Propagation is basically dilution by turbulent mixing Dilution described by Gaussian plume concentration in plume is given by exp(-x 2 ), width of Gaussian bell curve increases with distance

29. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120929 Correct formulation, concentration of point source or line source at given distance x. Top: point source with emission Q, bottom: line source with source strength/m q

30. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120930 Plume geometry is not always straightforward, meteo is very important!

31. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120931 bron: Palmgren, 2003 Also local geometry is very important

32. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120932 Additional complicating factor: main contribution to NO2 comes from conversion from NO+O3  NO2, reaction with limited speed

33. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120933 Total emission of a traffic stream (NOX or PM10) E: total emission N: number of vehicles/24h fM: fraction of medium heavy vehicles fZ: fraction of heavy vehicles EL: emission of a light vehicle EM: emission of a medium heavy vehicle EZ: emission of a heavy vehicle

34. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120934 Concentration at receiver E: emission per m length of road dW: length of road section number of vehicles/24h RB: distance from source to receiver σZ: vertical spreading coefficient z: height of receiver position C: correction for effect of surface roughness U: wind speed n: number of wind sections

35. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120935 Simplified propagation calculation model (CAR)

36. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120936 Emission factors for road vehicles IA; city-congested, IB: city-normal, IC: city-through road, II: regional road, III: highway

37. Air Quality alongside motorways 17120937 Concentration calculation as function of distance from road. NOX concentration PM10 concentration