1. Universal Networking Language (UNL) by Pantha Kanti Nath (05IT6021) Under the Guidance of Prof. Debasis Samanta School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.

2. Technical Terms  UNL – Universal Networking Language  IAS - Institute of Advanced Studies UW – Universal Words UW – Universal Words UNLKB – UNL Knowledge Base UNLKB – UNL Knowledge Base UNLKCIC – UNL Key Concept in Context UNLKCIC – UNL Key Concept in Context LS – Language Servers LS – Language Servers

3. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Overview Of UNL System 3. Mechanism of Conversion of UNL 4. System Workings 5. UNL Expression 6. UNL Words 7. Relations 8. Attribute Labels 9. Applications (Some Application of UNL) 10. Conclusion

4. 4 What is UNL? Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers. Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers. It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication. It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication. It expresses information or knowledge in the form of semantic networks. It expresses information or knowledge in the form of semantic networks. Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are unambiguous. Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are unambiguous. Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the components of a natural language. Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the components of a natural language. It is composed of UNL Expressions, Universal Words (UWs), Relations, Attributes. It is composed of UNL Expressions, Universal Words (UWs), Relations, Attributes.

5. 5 Overview Of UNL System It Consists Of Language Resources: UNLKB (Knowledge Base) – Linguistic Knowledge on concepts that are common to every language. UNLKB (Knowledge Base) – Linguistic Knowledge on concepts that are common to every language. Universal Word Dictionary, analysis and generation rules. Universal Word Dictionary, analysis and generation rules. Language Servers: DeConverter - automatically deconverts UNL into native languages. DeConverter - automatically deconverts UNL into native languages. EnConverters - automatically or interactively enconverts natural languages text into UNL. EnConverters - automatically or interactively enconverts natural languages text into UNL. Software tools: UNL Editors - used to make UNL documents. UNL Editors - used to make UNL documents. UNL Explorers - used to view/manage UNL document by accessing UNL language servers, UNLKB & UNL Documents. UNL Explorers - used to view/manage UNL document by accessing UNL language servers, UNLKB & UNL Documents.

6. 6 UNL Verifiers – verifies UNL expression for correctness. UNL Verifiers – verifies UNL expression for correctness. UNL Proxy servers – Provides communication with language servers. UNL Proxy servers – Provides communication with language servers. Concept Definitions – Defines concepts in connection with other concepts. Concept Definitions – Defines concepts in connection with other concepts. UNL Documents - the documents in which UNL expression is described for each sentence of natural language. UNL Documents - the documents in which UNL expression is described for each sentence of natural language. UNL SYSTEM

7. 7 Mechanism of Conversion of UNL Expressions ( Language Servers ) Data Flow Control Flow

8. 8 System Workings People with access to the Internet can "enconvert" text written in their own language into UNL expressions using UNL editor. And likewise, any UNL expressions can be "deconverted" into a variety of native languages using the UNL viewer (Explorer). People with access to the Internet can "enconvert" text written in their own language into UNL expressions using UNL editor. And likewise, any UNL expressions can be "deconverted" into a variety of native languages using the UNL viewer (Explorer).

9. 9 System Workings Cont.. When developing home page in Arabic, the UNL Editor recognizes the contents as Arabic and sends a request to the Arabic Language Server to “EnConvert” the text.. Once the Arabic text is “EnConverted” to UNL, the Arabic Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Editor. When developing home page in Arabic, the UNL Editor recognizes the contents as Arabic and sends a request to the Arabic Language Server to “EnConvert” the text.. Once the Arabic text is “EnConverted” to UNL, the Arabic Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Editor.

10. 10 System Workings Cont.. Home page designer can now embed UNL into their pages. Home page designer can now embed UNL into their pages.

11. 11 System Workings Cont.. When Spanish read this page, the UNL Viewer recognizes the contents as UNL and sends a request to the Spanish Language Server to “DeConvert” the UNL. When Spanish read this page, the UNL Viewer recognizes the contents as UNL and sends a request to the Spanish Language Server to “DeConvert” the UNL.

12. 12 System Workings Cont.. Once UNL is “DeConverted” to Spanish, the Spanish Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Viewer. Once UNL is “DeConverted” to Spanish, the Spanish Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Viewer.

13. 13 System Workings Cont.. If UNL is embedded in a home page, it can be read in variety of If UNL is embedded in a home page, it can be read in variety of languages. languages.

14. 14 UNL Expression John is reading a novel. John is reading a novel. UNL Hypergraph UNL Hypergraph read(icl>do) John(iof>person) novel(icl>book) @entry.@present.@progress agtobj UNL Expression UNL Expression[UNL] agt(read(icl>do), John(iof>person)) agt(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, John(iof>person)) obj(read(icl>do), novel(icl>book)) obj(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, novel(icl>book)) [/UNL]

15. 15 Universal Words (UWs) A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are two classes of UWs: A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are two classes of UWs: Labels defined to express unit concepts, called UWs (Universal Words) Labels defined to express unit concepts, called UWs (Universal Words) compound structures of a set of binary relations grouped together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids) compound structures of a set of binary relations grouped together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids) A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language word) followed by a list of constraints. A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language word) followed by a list of constraints. ::= [ ] ::= [ ]

16. 16 Types of UW Types of UW Basic UWs Basic UWs They are bare Head Words with no Constraint List. They are bare Head Words with no Constraint List. They are character strings that correspond to an English word. They are character strings that correspond to an English word. A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may correspond to those in English. A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may correspond to those in English. for example: for example: go go take take house house Restricted UWs Restricted UWs They are Head Words with a Constraint List. They are Head Words with a Constraint List. Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept, or subset of concepts. Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept, or subset of concepts.

17. 17 The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept that a Basic UW represents. The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept that a Basic UW represents. for example: for example: state(icl>express) state(icl>express) state(icl>country) state(icl>country) state(icl>abstract thing) state(icl>abstract thing) state(icl>government) state(icl>government) Extra UWs Extra UWs They are a special type of Restricted UW. They are a special type of Restricted UW. Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in English. Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in English. Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using English (Alphabetical) characters. Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using English (Alphabetical) characters. for example: for example: ikebana (icl>flower arrangement) ikebana (icl>flower arrangement) kathak (icl>dance) kathak (icl>dance) Types of UW continued..

18. 18 Constraints Some examples Some examples UW ‘drink(agt>thing,obj>thing)’ UW ‘drink(agt>thing,obj>thing)’ denotes the subset of these concepts that include “putting liquid denotes the subset of these concepts that include “putting liquid in the mouth”, which in turn corresponds to verbs (drink, gulp and in the mouth”, which in turn corresponds to verbs (drink, gulp and slurp) slurp) UW ‘provide(icl>give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing))’ UW ‘provide(icl>give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing))’ Is defined as a subset concept of Is defined as a subset concept of ‘give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing)’ ‘give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing)’

19. 19 A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters or less. A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters or less. The relations between UWs are binary. The relations between UWs are binary. rel (UW1, UW2) rel (UW1, UW2) They have different labels according to the different roles they play. They have different labels according to the different roles they play. At present, there are 41 relations in UNL At present, there are 41 relations in UNL For example, agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur (purpose), etc. For example, agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur (purpose), etc. Relations

20. 20 Attribute Labels Attribute labels express additional information about the Universal Words that appear in a sentence. Attribute labels express additional information about the Universal Words that appear in a sentence. They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, attitude, etc) They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, attitude, etc) @entry (main UW of a sentence or a scope), @present, @progressive, @topic, etc. @entry (main UW of a sentence or a scope), @present, @progressive, @topic, etc.

21. 21 The boy who works here went to school plt agt @ entry @ past school(icl>institution) go(icl>move) boy(icl>person) work(icl>do ) here @ entry agt plc :01

22. 22 The boy who works here went to school UNL expression: {UNL} agt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, :01) plt(go(icl>occur).@entry.@past, school(icl>institution)) agt:01(work(icl>do), boy(icl>person.@entry)) plc:01(work(icl>do),here){/UNL}

23. 23 Some UNL Application Multilingual Search Engines Multilingual Search Engines Agro Explorer – a project undertaken in Media Labs Asia Group, IIT Bombay. Its goal is to create a meaning based search engine that will allow farmers to query and receive information on agriculture in there mother tongue. The UNL may become a powerful instrument to promote networking around the world (thus alleviating the isolation of scholars in developing countries). The UNL may become a powerful instrument to promote networking around the world (thus alleviating the isolation of scholars in developing countries). For the UN in general, for UNESCO and other multilateral organizations, it has enormous potential as a tool to foster dialogue among nations and for the promotion of peace, culture, cooperation and development. For the UN in general, for UNESCO and other multilateral organizations, it has enormous potential as a tool to foster dialogue among nations and for the promotion of peace, culture, cooperation and development.

24. 24 References http://www.unu.edu/ United Nations University http://www.unu.edu/ United Nations University http://www.unu.edu/ http://www.ias.unu.edu/ United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies http://www.ias.unu.edu/ United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies http://www.ias.unu.edu/ http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/ Universal Networking Language Programme http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/ Universal Networking Language Programme http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/ http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/publications/gm/index.htm Book of Universal Networking Language http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/publications/gm/index.htm Book of Universal Networking Language http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/publications/gm/index.htm http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-specs.html Official UNL Specification (unicode version) http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-specs.html Official UNL Specification (unicode version) http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-specs.html http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-iai.html German UNL Homepage http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-iai.html German UNL Homepage http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-iai.html http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/ Italian UNL Homepage http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/ Italian UNL Homepage http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/ http://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/projects/unl_in.html Spanish UNL Homepage http://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/projects/unl_in.html Spanish UNL Homepage http://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/projects/unl_in.html http://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htm Thai UNL Homepage http://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htm Thai UNL Homepage http://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htm http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/ Arabic UNL Homepage http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/ Arabic UNL Homepage http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/ http://www.ailab.lv/unl.htm Latvian UNL Homepage http://www.ailab.lv/unl.htm Latvian UNL Homepage http://www.ailab.lv/unl.htm http://www.it.iitb.ac/ it632, 2005. Pushpak Bhattacharyya. Language Technology for the Web. http://www.it.iitb.ac/ it632, 2005. Pushpak Bhattacharyya. Language Technology for the Web. http://www.it.iitb.ac/ http://www.iitb.ac.in Anupama Dutta. Multilingual and meaning based search engines. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, November 2003. http://www.iitb.ac.in Anupama Dutta. Multilingual and meaning based search engines. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, November 2003. http://www.iitb.ac.in

25. 25 agt (agent) agt defines a thing that initiates an action. agt defines a thing that initiates an action. An agent is defined as the relation between: An agent is defined as the relation between: UW1 - do, and UW2 - a thing where: where: UW2 initiates UW1, or UW2 initiates UW1, or UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW1 happen. UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW1 happen. agt (do, thing) agt (do, thing)

26. 26 Plc (place) Plc defines a place where an event occurs, or a state that is true, or a thing that exists. Plc defines a place where an event occurs, or a state that is true, or a thing that exists. A place is defined as the relation between: A place is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event, state, or thing, and UW1 – an event, state, or thing, and UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place. UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place. plc (occur, thing) plc (occur, thing) plc (do, thing) plc (do, thing) plc (be, thing) plc (be, thing) plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing) plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing) plc (thing, thing) plc (thing, thing)

27. 27 Plt(final place) Plt defines a place where an event ends or a state that becomes false. Plt defines a place where an event ends or a state that becomes false. A final place is defined as the relation between: A final place is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event or state, and UW1 – an event or state, and UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where: UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where: UW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, or UW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, or UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false. UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false. plt (occur, thing) plt (occur, thing) plt (do, thing) plt (do, thing) plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing) plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing)

28. 28 Gol(final state) Gol defines a final state of object or a thing finally associated with the object of an event. Gol defines a final state of object or a thing finally associated with the object of an event. A final state is defined as the relation between: A final state is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event, and UW1 – an event, and UW2 – a state or thing, where: UW2 – a state or thing, where: UW2 is the specific state describing the obj (of UW1) at the end of UW1, or UW2 is the specific state describing the obj (of UW1) at the end of UW1, or UW2 is a thing that is associated with the obj (of UW1) and the end of UW1. UW2 is a thing that is associated with the obj (of UW1) and the end of UW1. gol (occur(gol>thing), thing) gol (occur(gol>thing), thing) gol (do(gol>thing), thing) gol (do(gol>thing), thing)

29. 29 THE END

30. 30 Some Examples He liked the sweetness of the cream He liked the sweetness of the cream{unl} obj(like:03.@entry.@past,sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def) agt(like:03.@entry.@past,he:00) mod(sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def, cream(icl>class):0U.@def) {/unl}

31. 31 He needs a lot of encouragement He needs a lot of encouragement{unl} obj(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, encouragement(icl>aid):0I) agt(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@present, he:00) qua(encouragement(icl>aid):0I, lot(icl>quantity):0B.@indef) {/unl}

32. 32 He is a kind of missionary He is a kind of missionary{unl} aoj(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present, he:00) mod(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present, kind(icl>-):08.@indef) {/unl}

33. 33 He rejected the claims of mismanagement He rejected the claims of mismanagement{unl} obj(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@en try.@past,claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl) agt(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@en try.@past,he:00) mod(claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl, mismanagement(icl>act):0Q) {/unl}

34. 34 He took a sip of wine. He took a sip of wine.{unl} obj(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03. @entry.@past,wine(icl>drink):0H) agt(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03. @entry.@past,he:00) qua(wine(icl>drink):0H,sip(icl>quantity):0A.@indef) {/unl}

35. 35 He was director of the Academy He was director of the Academy{unl} aoj(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past, he:00) mod(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past, academy(icl>school):0N.@def) {/unl}