1. 1 Drug Calculation 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

2. 2 Fractions A fraction is part of a whole number. The fraction 6 means that there are 8 parts to the whole 8 number A fraction is part of a whole number. The fraction 6 means that there are 8 parts to the whole 8 number.6 numerators. 8 denominators 8 denominators When the top number “numerator” is larger than the bottom number “denominator” divide the bottom number “denominator” into the top number” numerator”. When the top number “numerator” is larger than the bottom number “denominator” divide the bottom number “denominator” into the top number” numerator”. Example 8 = 2 Example 8 = 2 4 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

3. 3 Changing mixed numbers to improper fractions Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction Add this to the numerator of the fraction Add this to the numerator of the fraction Write the sum as the numerator of the fraction, the denominator of the fraction remains the same. Write the sum as the numerator of the fraction, the denominator of the fraction remains the same. Example: 2 3 = 8x2+3 = 19 Example: 2 3 = 8x2+3 = 19 8 8 8 8 8 8 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

4. 4 Finding a common denominator for two or more fractions To add and subtract fractions, the denominators must be the same. To add and subtract fractions, the denominators must be the same. Example: fraction with same denominator Example: fraction with same denominator 5 – 2 or 3 + 1 or 3 + 1 5 – 2 or 3 + 1 or 3 + 1 16 16 8 8 4 4 16 16 8 8 4 4 Different denominators in fraction with the same value as the fraction in example : Different denominators in fraction with the same value as the fraction in example : 5 – 1 or 3 + 2 or 3 + 2 5 – 1 or 3 + 2 or 3 + 2 16 8 8 16 4 8 16 8 8 16 4 8 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

5. 5 Changing fractions to equivalent fractions Whatever you do to the denominator multiply or divide by a number, you must do the same to the nominator so that the value does not change. Whatever you do to the denominator multiply or divide by a number, you must do the same to the nominator so that the value does not change. Example; 3 and 2 and 1 Example; 3 and 2 and 1 8 3 4 8 3 4 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

6. 6 Reducing fractions to lowest terms To reduce a fraction to lowest terms, divide the numerator and demonator by the largest same number that will divide evenly into both. When there are no whole numbers that can be used except one, the fraction is in lowest terms. To reduce a fraction to lowest terms, divide the numerator and demonator by the largest same number that will divide evenly into both. When there are no whole numbers that can be used except one, the fraction is in lowest terms. Example; 6 ÷ 2 = 3 Example; 6 ÷ 2 = 3 8 ÷ 2 = 4 8 ÷ 2 = 4 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

7. 7 Metric system Memorize: Weight Memorize: Weight 1 mg “milligram” = 1000ug or mcg”microgram” 1 mg “milligram” = 1000ug or mcg”microgram” 1 g “gram” = 1000 mg “milligram” 1 g “gram” = 1000 mg “milligram” 1kg”kilogram” = 1000 g “gram” 1kg”kilogram” = 1000 g “gram” Volume Volume 1 L “liter” = 1000 ml or 1000 cc 1 L “liter” = 1000 ml or 1000 cc 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

8. 8 Metric conversions by moving decimals Remember: Remember: 1000mg = 1 gm = 1000ug = 1mg 1000mg = 1 gm = 1000ug = 1mg To convert grams “large” to milligrams ”small, multiply by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the right. To convert grams “large” to milligrams ”small, multiply by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the right. Example: 5gm = 5.000 mg Example: 5gm = 5.000 mg 0.2g = 200 mg 0.2g = 200 mg 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

9. 9 Metric conversions by moving decimals To convert milligrams “small” to grams “large”, divide by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the left. To convert milligrams “small” to grams “large”, divide by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the left. Example: 250mg = 0.25g Example: 250mg = 0.25g 20 mg = 0.02g 20 mg = 0.02g 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

10. 10 Metric conversions by moving decimals To convert milligrams “large” to micrograms “small”, multiply by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the right. To convert milligrams “large” to micrograms “small”, multiply by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the right. Example : 5mg = 5000ug Example : 5mg = 5000ug 0.8mg = 800ug 0.8mg = 800ug 0.05mg = 50ug 0.05mg = 50ug 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

11. 11 Metric conversions by moving decimals To convert micrograms “small” to milligrams “large”, divide by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the left. To convert micrograms “small” to milligrams “large”, divide by 1000 or move the decimal point 3 places to the left. Example : 2500ug = 2.5mg Example : 2500ug = 2.5mg 400ug = 0.4 mg 400ug = 0.4 mg 10ug = 0.01 mg 10ug = 0.01 mg 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

12. 12 Rounded Medication Doses When the medication supplied is not the same strength as the ordered dose, recheck your order and calculate and check with the pharmacy with pharmacy to see if there is strength available. When the medication supplied is not the same strength as the ordered dose, recheck your order and calculate and check with the pharmacy with pharmacy to see if there is strength available. Example: you have to give 751 mg on hand is 300mg. Call the pharmacy. Example: you have to give 751 mg on hand is 300mg. Call the pharmacy. Example = tablets : scored Example = tablets : scored 1.8 tabs 2 tablets 1.8 tabs 2 tablets 1.5 tabs 1.5 tablets 1.5 tabs 1.5 tablets 1.4 tabs 1.5 tablets 1.4 tabs 1.5 tablets 1.2 tabs 1 tablet 1.2 tabs 1 tablet 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

13. 13 Rounding Milliliters To round to the nearest tenth, examine the hundredths column. If it is 0.05 or greater, round up to the next tenth. If it is 0.04 or less, the tenths column remains the same. To round to the nearest tenth, examine the hundredths column. If it is 0.05 or greater, round up to the next tenth. If it is 0.04 or less, the tenths column remains the same. Example:1.55 ml or 1.57 ml round to 1.6 ml Example:1.55 ml or 1.57 ml round to 1.6 ml 1.53 ml or 1.54 ml round to 1.5 ml 1.53 ml or 1.54 ml round to 1.5 ml 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

14. 14 Rounding to the nearest Hundredth To round to the nearest hundredth, examine the thousands column. If it is 0.005 or greater, round up to the nearest hundredth To round to the nearest hundredth, examine the thousands column. If it is 0.005 or greater, round up to the nearest hundredth Example: 0.756: round to 0.76 Example: 0.756: round to 0.76 0.754: round to 0.75 0.754: round to 0.75 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

15. 15 Rounding Drops Drops are also small that it is impossible to divide them into parts. any remainder of 0.5 or above is given the next higher number. Drops are also small that it is impossible to divide them into parts. any remainder of 0.5 or above is given the next higher number. Example: 31.4 drops per minute for a gravity IV: infuse at 31 drops per minute Example: 31.4 drops per minute for a gravity IV: infuse at 31 drops per minute 31.7 drops per minute for a gravity IV: infuse at 32 drops per minute. 31.7 drops per minute for a gravity IV: infuse at 32 drops per minute. 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

16. 16 If an oral medication is to be administered, use the calibrated special spoon, prefilled syringe, or dropper provided or draw it up in an appropriate syringe without the needle to the exact or nearest measurable amount. Then transfer it to medication cup promptly 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

17. 17 RULE: always round to the nearest measurable calibration on the equipment you are using. RULE: always round to the nearest measurable calibration on the equipment you are using. To avoid overdosing the patient, never round up liquid medications to the nearest whole number. If the answer is 1.7 ml, DO NOT round up to 2 ml. Use a syringe with the appropriate calibrations to measure an exact dose. To avoid overdosing the patient, never round up liquid medications to the nearest whole number. If the answer is 1.7 ml, DO NOT round up to 2 ml. Use a syringe with the appropriate calibrations to measure an exact dose. 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

18. 18 One Step Metric Ratio and Proportion Calibration Place the known metric equivalents from the metric tables on the left. Place the known metric equivalents from the metric tables on the left. Be sure to select the equivalent with the same terms as your problem such as “mg to g”, and place the unknown on the right side of the equation in the same order as shown below. Be sure to select the equivalent with the same terms as your problem such as “mg to g”, and place the unknown on the right side of the equation in the same order as shown below. 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

19. 19 Known Want to know Proof Known Want to know Proof 1000mg :1g : 40 mg x g 1000 X 0.04 = 40 40mg = 0.04g (mg :g : mg : g) 1 X 40 = 40 (mg :g : mg : g) 1 X 40 = 40 1000 X 40 1000 X 40 1000 1000 1000 1000 X = 0.04 g “always label problems & answers” X = 0.04 g “always label problems & answers” Example : ordered 50 mg Unit dose on label : 25 mg /tab “ medication dose problem” Example : ordered 50 mg Unit dose on label : 25 mg /tab “ medication dose problem” 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

20. 20 Place what you have on hand or what you know “ label unit dose” on the left and what is ordered “want to have or know” on the right. Follow through with your math. Place what you have on hand or what you know “ label unit dose” on the left and what is ordered “want to have or know” on the right. Follow through with your math. Know Want to know Proof Know Want to know Proof 25mg :1 tab: 50mg : X tab 25 X 2 = 50 Give 2 tabs 25mg :1 tab: 50mg : X tab 25 X 2 = 50 Give 2 tabs 25 X 50 = 2 1 X 50 = 50 25 X 50 = 2 1 X 50 = 50 25 25 25 25 X = 2 tabs 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

21. 21 Understanding units& mEq in medication Dosages Milliequilavents : mEq : represents the number of grams of solute dissolved in a milliliter of solution. Milliequilavents : mEq : represents the number of grams of solute dissolved in a milliliter of solution. mEq/L :equals one thousandth of 1g of a specific substance dissolved in a liter of a solution. mEq/L :equals one thousandth of 1g of a specific substance dissolved in a liter of a solution. mEq/ml : equal one thousandth of 1g of a specific substance dissolved in ml. 2 mEq equal 1ml mEq/ml : equal one thousandth of 1g of a specific substance dissolved in ml. 2 mEq equal 1ml 9/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh

22. Thank You 229/8/2015Miss Iman Shaweesh