1. Energy & Its Impact on Global Society Jerome K. Williams, Ph.D. Saint Leo University Dept. Mathematics & Sciences

2. Chapter 7: Energy from Fossil Fuels Resources & Terminology Coal Oil Natural Gas Future Sources of Fossil Fuels

3. Resources & Terminology 85% commercial energy resources used in world come from fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) Supply of fossil fuels is running out

4. Resources & Terminology To Categorize types of oil reserves, one uses a McKelvey Diagram

6. Resources & Terminology Reserves are defined as those resources that are well known through geological exploration and are recoverable at current prices – Proven reserves – Indicated reserves – Inferred reserves

7. Table 7.1. World and United States Proven Reserves 2008 ResourceWorldUnited StatesLifetime Oil 1342 x 10 9 bbl 7.7 x 10 18 Btu 29.4 x 10 9 bbl 0.13 x 10 18 Btu 10 years Natural Gas 6254 x 10 12 cf 6.1 x 10 18 Btu 237 x 10 12 cf 0.24 x 10 18 Btu 12 years Coal 0.93 x 10 12 tons 23 x 10 18 Btu 0.26 x 10 12 tons 6.4 x 10 18 Btu 230 years Oil Sands 525 x 10 9 bbl 2.9 x 10 18 Btu 32 x 10 9 bbl 0.17 x 10 18 Btu 12 years Shale Oil3300 x 10 9 bbl 18 x 10 18 Btu 2000.4 x 10 9 bbl 11 x 10 18 Btu 800 years Source: US Energy Information Administration

8. Coal World’s most abundant fuel US called “Saudi Arabia” of Coal – Coal resources: 3 trillion tons – 80% total fossil fuel reserves in US – 23% of US energy needs (electricity)

9. Coal Classification or Ranks Coal: based on carbon content found in coal – Lignite – Subbituminous – Bituminous – Anthracite

10. Table 7.3. World and United States Proven Reserves 2008 RankCarbon (%)Energy Content (Btu/lb) Lignite305,000-7,000 Subbituminous408,000-10,000 Bituminous50-7011,000-15,000 Anthracite9014,000 Source: US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1412 (1975)

11. Coal Coal Extraction: Strip Mining Videos – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhbkoFik_8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euhbkoFik_8 – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbUV7i3KEME http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbUV7i3KEME

12. Coal Extracting Coal: Strip Mining & Ramifications – Environmental – Social – Economic – Political

13. Oil World appetite for oil continues to grow – (2009) 86 MBPD consumption per day – US consumes 25% of this total; 57% imported oil Oil use dates back to Biblical times & has been used by many cultures (e.g., heating, lighting, medicine, roads)

14. Oil Petroleum is complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) – Contents: crude oil, natural gas and semi-solids Originates from decay of organic material, usually marine life that is buried over many millions of years under ocean sediment

15. Oil Petroleum’s use dates back to Biblical times; applications found in many cultures – heating, lighting, medicine, waterproofing, roads By-products isolated by refining process. Heat mixture and pass it into large fractionating tower where separation by boiling point occurs

17. Oil Products from tower are further treated to produce end use items like gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, etc.

18. Oil Search for oil is getting harder due to most large land deposits are already known Most increases in US reserves expected to come from offshore drilling; makes sense due to petroleum originating from decaying marine matter

19. Oil Challenges to Offshore Exploration – Environmental – Political – Economic

20. Natural Gas Mixture of light hydrocarbons, primarily methane Formed from decayed organic matter Categorized as nonassociated gas or associated gas

21. Natural Gas Pipeline system required to transport gas (US: 300,000 miles pipeline) Advantages: – Relatively inexpensive compared to gasoline – Cleaner-burning fuel (less CO 2 released) – Readily available

22. Natural Gas Uses: – Space heating – Water heating – Fuel (industrial boilers, electricity producing gas turbines, and chemical feedstock)

23. Natural Gas World Reserves:6200 tcf – 60 year window (assume Rate = 108 tcf/year) – Russia, Iran, Qatar have largest reserves – US: 50% natural gas found in Gulf Coast region

26. Natural Gas Advances in Technology have allowed US to find and use indicated reserves of natural gas: – New drilling techniques (Hydraulic fracturing) – Gas Hydrates found underneath oceans & in permafrost of Arctic – Transportation difficulty overcome by shipping natural gas in liquid state (called liquefied natural gas or LNG)

27. Future Sources of Fossil Fuels Gasification of Coal Liquefaction of Coal Oil Shale(US) Tar Sands or Oil Sands(Canada)

28. Problems 1, 3, 4, 6