1. Trauma & Child Development Mary E. Anderson, MA LMFT SteppingStone Therapeutic Hutchinson, MN

2. Early Experiences… no big deal? ‘Early experiences have a decisive impact on the architecture of the brain, and on the nature and extent of adult capabilities.’ Shore R (1997) Rethinking the Brain. Family and Work Institute: New York. p18

3. Understanding How Stress & Trauma Affect Child Development

4. Stress

5. Trauma: Any Stressful Event which is… Prolonged Overwhelming Unpredictable Such Events Continue on when they are……… Unexpressed Unprocessed Misunderstood

6. Traumatic Events Include: Extraordinary: War Homicides Assaults Natural Disasters major storms Acts of Terrorism Ordinary: Car Crashes Work/ Leisure Accidents Medical Procedures Life Threatening Illness High Fevers Bullying Adoption Foster care Suffocation Frequent Moves/loss of housing Loss of close person, grandma Transitions – grades.classroom Early childhood transitions

7. Other Traumatic Events Abuse Neglect Divorce Chronic Pain Emotional Absence Parental Depression/Anxiety Parental Drug Use Needs Left Unmet

8. What Causes stress to become toxic

9. What happens to a young child who has experienced this type of Trauma?

10. Affects of Trauma Children’s traumatizing experiences, particularly when chronic, can compromise all areas of childhood development.

11. . Child Angry and controlling Trauma State Natural Fear Reaction Poor Self regulation and Fear Sensitivity

12. How does a child adapt? Children adapt by engaging in protective practices Blaming themselves for the abuse..

13. Trauma and Attachment The child abused by a primary attachment figure suffers in multiple and complex ways. There is pain, confusion!!! Fear of the abuse itself! Confusion because the source of danger and the source of protection resides in one person! Pain Confusion

14. Attachment Disruption: Loss of the primary attachment figure. Researchers believe that the most important factor in creating attachment is positive physical contact. The work of Dr Perry and colleagues at the Child Trauma Academy, Baylor Medical Institute, has been very influential

15. Brain Functions NeoCortex/Left Brain Understanding, thinking, language, problem solving (Speaks with Words) Midbrain, Limbic/Right Brain Feelings, love, fear (Speaks with Emotional Feelings) Brain Stem & Lower Midbrain Involuntary motor part of the brain, instincts for survival; fight, flight, freeze (body based therapies) Food, safety, sex. (Speaks with Sensations)

16. Brain and Brain research… Critical elements of bodymind development not fully recognized until the last 15 years. Perry identified two states of stress response hypo- arousal and hyper-arousal; intimately correlated to Fight, Flight, or Freeze. The amygdale is the origin of our most primitive reactive patterns. Center for stress origination Sends messages directly to the hypothalamus and on to the the pituitary glands, also triggering the adrenal glands Developed at birth

17. Trauma Memory Is located in the right brain near the brainstem in the lower limbic system.

18. Social Skills Emotion Regulation Attachment & Bonding

19. Attachment: The First Building Block.

20. Barriers to Attachment The following barriers to attachment A child living apart from a birth parent may resist forming a new attachment because she/he believes that any positive relationship with another adult will ensure the estranged parent will not return. Inability of child to trust adults. The experience of intimacy leads to feelings of vulnerability and danger.

21. Attachment Emotion Regulation If a child does not attach to a primary caregiver they cannot regulate their emotions or develop social relationships.

22. The Regulatory System Emotional and behavioral control Emotional States. Dysregulation Homeostasis Attunement Self Regulation

23. Social Skills Social Skills can only be built upon a foundation of attachment and regulation.

24. TEMPER TANTRUM OR …. What do you think… If this child having a trantrum or does this child and parent lack the attunement necessary for secure attachment. Things to look for ….Does the child reach out to the parent. Does the child move toward the parent. Does the child fall because of relief that at least the parent is still present? What do you think of the dogs reaction? Is that how your pet reacts when you are distressed? Is this a one time incident? Is this what early childhood mental health issues look like?

25. Brain Trauma Toxicity… Time for Questions…. Thank you for the work you do for Children…

26. Articles to read THE EFFECTS OF EARLY RELATIONAL TRAUMA ON RIGHT BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, AFFECT REGULATION, AND INFANT MENTAL HEALTH ALLAN N. SCHORE Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine