1. Energy Sector ETAAC Meeting July 2, 2007 Sacramento, CA

2. Renewable Energy Technologies CA RPS-eligible renewable resources: –Wind –Solar (concentrating thermal and photovoltaic) –Small hydro (less than 30 MW w/o new diversion) –Geothermal –Biomass, biogas (landfill gas, digester) –Fuel cell using renewable fuel –Municipal solid waste conversion using a non- combustion thermal process –Ocean wave, ocean thermal, tidal current

3. Biomass

4. Dairy Biogas-revisited California has 1.7 million cows in 2,000 dairies –50% in the San Joaquin Valley Dairies release methane and other reactive organic gases (ROGs) Methane has 21 times the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of CO 2 San Joaquin Valley is a non-attainment area for air quality, which is affected by ozone created by ROGs Biogas scrubbed/cleaned of CO 2, H 2 S, etc.; pressurized gas injected into pipeline Total market size for energy is relatively small, but large GHG reduction potential Transporting to cleanest, most efficient plant, produces flexible, RPS-eligible energy and GHG credits while improving local air quality

5. SUV 1 CO 2 = 4.9 t/yr Cow 2 CO 2 e = 4.9 t/yr 1 12,000 mi/yr, 25 mpg (Toyota Highlander V-6) 2 manure only

6. Biomass

7. Bioenergy Conversion Pathways

8. Source: Rob Williams, UC Davis, July 2006

10. Landfill Gas The energy sector and the industry sector both identify landfill gas as an important issue. Both groups will examine the benefits and approaches to capturing landfill gas for energy supply. The sectors also plan to compare the benefits of landfill gas versus diverting organic compounds to composting, and capturing the methane gas for energy generation from the compost.

11. Source: Rob Williams, UC Davis, July 2006

12. Pyrolysis Convert materials into bio-oil through the chemical process of decomposition through heating. Liquids produced can be further processed into fuels, pharmaceuticals and food additives. Solid residues can be used as fertilizer. University of Western Ontario and Agri-Therm Limited are working on a fast pyrolysis machine.

13. BioChar A type of charcoal produced from biomass, employed most commonly as a soil amendment and is essentially a form of activated carbon. Biochar is largely inert, and microbial composting action leaves charcoal largely unaffected. It is highly porous, both retaining water and providing large surface area for microbes. Field experiments were started in Cali, Colombia, through Cornell to study soil nutrient availability in acid soils as affected by bio-char applications. Studies are ongoing and show significant yield increases of maize, improved pasture and native savanna. Other biochar activity is taking place in New South Wales, University of Western Ontario, University of Georgia, and Iowa State University. Source: Cornell University

14. Renewable Energy Cost Trends Levelized cost of energy in constant 2005$ 1 Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2005.ppt) 1 These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.

15. Illustrative Energy Procurement Costs

16. ETAAC Website