1. Industrialization and Economic Development -the past 300 years
Oh Industry
Industrialization and Economic Development
-the past 300 years

2. Industrialization
That is the process of economic activities on the earth’s surface evolved from producing basic goods to using factories to mass produce goods for consumption
Industry is Secondary Economic Activities: those that transform raw materials into usable products-useful
Involves advanced sources of energy
Machinery
Specialized labor
Involve both assembly, processing, and distribution

3. Economic Development
Were talking about improving material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge but MOSTLY technology
Primary Sector
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Newly industrializing countries-between MDC and LDC
Compressed Modernity-rapid economic and political change that stabilizes a country (South Korea)

4. Economic Indicators Gross Domestic Product and GDP Per Capita
20 K for MDCs and 1 K for LDCs
Differences between MDC’s and LDCs
Types of Jobs
Worker Productivity (value added)
Access to Raw Materials
Availability of consumer goods
There are strong correlations between economic development and social development (literacy, education, healthcare)

5. Theories of Economic Development
Modernization (Westernization) Model: to be successful follow model of industrialized nations
Tradition greatest barrier to economic development
Dependency Theory: global poverty is the fault of rich nations and their historical and contemporary exploitation of LDC’s.
Marxism-class theory

6. Rostow’s Theory: Extension of Modernization Theory
4 Stage Theory
Traditional Stage
Take-off Stage
Drive to Technological Maturity
High Mass Consumption
Modernization Theory encourages LDC’s to control population growth, increase food production, and take advantage of industrial technology.

7. Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy-Outgrowth of Dependency Theory
Divided by role in global economy (role determined by colonial period dominated by Europeans)
Core Countries-rich nations that fuel world economy- take raw materials from around the world (starbucks coffee commercials)
Countries of the Periphery-poor nations, continue to support rich nations with raw materials, inexpensive labor, market to buy products
Countries of the Semi-Periphery-between poor and rich, still dominated by Core

8. A Brief History of Industrializtion
Britain-coal-steam engine-textiles-the rest of Europe- mass production-North America-more inventions- New York port
After WWI-industry needs fuel/energy starts exploring periphery for it-America most successful

9. Location Theory of Industry
Primary Industry-develops around location of natural resources but when transport improves
Secondary Industry-develops without dependence on resource location
Variable costs-energy labor transport less expensive
Friction of distance-costs go up as distance from source increases
Distance decay-industries are more likely to serve markets nearby

10. Weber’s Least Cost Theory of location of industry
Location of Industry influenced by 3 factors
Transportation-site chosen partly based on cost of moving raw materials to factory to market
Labor-cheap labor may allow an industry to make up for higher transport costs
Agglomeration-if several industries cluster in a city, they can provide supporting services (truck factory, furniture company, restaurant)
Can backfire and cause deglomeration-exodus from an areas

11. Locational Interdependence Theory
Dependent on locations of competition
Variable Revenue Analysis-a company’s ability to capture a market that will earn more customers and money than competitors
Ice Cream on the Beach

12. Situation and Site Remember them?
Situation factors of development: mainly deal with transportation (locate factory as close as possible to buyers and sellers)
Bulk Reducing-copper heavy expensive to transport closer to factory
Bulk Gaining-canned food and beverages, weigh more after processed closer to market
Single Market-clothing cluster near market (buyers)

13. Situation and Site Remember them?
Site factors are particular to a specific geographic location and focus on varying costs of land, labor and capital
Climate, land costs, access to cultural or sporting events, labor costs, willingness of banks to invest

14. Globalization patterns and impact of industrialization
Factories are still placed in places that have hard infrastructure (if not some industries may invest because labor is so inexpensive)
Industrial Regions of the World:
Primary Industrial Regions (areas w/largest agglomeration- called the Industrial Belt)
Western and Central Europe
Eastern North America
Russia and Ukraine
Eastern Asia (Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan)

15. Globalization cont. Secondary Industrial Regions: Venezuela Argentina
Brazil
South Africa
Nigeria
Coastal Areas of India, Malaysia
Southern Austrialia

16. Let’s talk about Mexico
The US, Canada, and Mexico have a special relationship that allows for free trade among the three countries called NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
On the border between US and Mexico regions called Maquiladora-workers produce goods primarily for US consumers in US based plants
Mexico faces a dilemma-Maquiladora jobs taken elsewhere where labor is even cheaper (Mexico to China)

17. What about outsourced India?
India has some advantages
Government policies encouraging industrialization
Growing urban centers
Hydroelectric potential, coal, iron ore
Large labor force
Midway between Europe and Pacific Rim
Global access to Information Technology
Outsourcing jobs (call centers)
Tertiary sector growth

18. Globalization equals global inequality?
Industrial Revolution set in motion global inequality
Increasingly global economy provides challenges for all countries both MDC’s and LDC’s
Challenges for MDC’s
Trading Blocs-trade among countries
North America, EU, East Asia
Transnational Corporations and Conglomerate Corporations
Deindustrialization (decreasing manufacturing)

19. Globalization equals global inequality?
Challenges for LDC’s
Distance from Markets
Inadequate infrastructure
Competition with existing manufacturers in other countries
Transnational corporations set up low cost jobs in LDC’s-keeps global inequalities in place

20. Industry and the Environment
Coal replaces wood as leading source of energy-
New energy: coal, petroleum and natural gas will run out (fossil fuels)
Fossil Fuel reserves
Proven-discovered not extracted
Potential-undiscovered
Petroleum is being consumed faster than it is being found
MDC’s with ¼ world’s population consume ¾ world’s fossil fuels

21. Industry and the Environment
Industrial Pollution
Air, H20, Land
Global Warming-reduce ozone layer, world gets hotter
Called the Greenhouse effect
Acid Rain-sulfur dioxide nitrogen released into air by burning fossil fuels
Get into lakes and streams
Sustainable development
Environment cannot sustain industrial demands on it
Current populations should not impair future ones

22. Possible Solutions to Environmental Problems
Prevention-changing governmental policies
Technological change-pollution capturing filters for industrial runoff and recycling of industrial wastes
Alternate energy sources-wind, solar
Mitigation-reduce damage by replacing or cleaning
Compensation-political bodies could compensate companies and industries who are more responsible in practices and business