1. Alterations and extensions to commercial buildings in the Melbourne CBD: The relationship between adaptation and building attributes Sara Wilkinson & Richard Reed Faculty of Business & Law Deakin University Melbourne Australia

2. overview Introduction Rationale for the research Factors influencing building adaptation Research Method Principal Components Analysis Results and discussion Conclusions

3. Introduction Significance of buildings to greenhouse gas emissions 1200 buildings program / carbon neutral 2020 1-2% added to total stock per annum We need to adapt existing buildings what is the relationship between building adaptation event, classified as ‘alterations and extensions’ in the CBD and building attributes?

4. Factors influencing building adaptation Definitions Previous research grouped factors into; Economic Social Environmental Technological Legal Physical

7. Research Methodology Case study approach favoured Stage 1 - factors identified from previous studies Stage 2 – analysed relationship between adaptation criteria and building adaptation events Building Attribute Database Building Adaptation Event Database – levels of adaptations identified 13,222 events 1998 to 2008 Geographical area defined

8. Principal Component Analysis (PCA). What PCA does - uncover, disentangles and summarises patterns of correlation within a data set How - condenses information contained in a number of original variables into a smaller set of new composite factors with a minimum loss of information Series of steps Step 1 – enter all variables into PCA Step 2 – number of factors to retain Based on Kaiser criterion, only Eigenvalues exceeding 1 are retained, Interpret factor loadings 5290 events categorised as ‘alterations and extensions’

11. Factor 1 – physical / size No. of storeys, GFA, PCA Grade, site boundaries. typical floor area and site access are strongly to very strongly loaded on factor one. Six attributes explain 44.86% of the original variance. Three relate to the physical dimensions/size of the property in terms of floor area and height (i.e. physical attributes). Two relate to site boundaries; (degree of attachment to other buildings) and site access (number of access/entry/exit points) These attributes are ‘physical - size’ related. The final variable ‘PCA Grade’ is strongly and negatively loaded and relates to building quality. With a loading of.427 Parking is too weak to be included in the final interpretation

12. Factor 2 – land three variables loaded very strongly to strongly on factor 2 are street frontage, vertical services location and location explain 19.78% of the variance. may be described as influenced by land/design factors. street frontage or width of the land parcel and the location of the property relate to land attributes. vertical services location - a design attribute that influencing flexibility of the space plan to adapt to different configurations of the floor plate.

13. Factor 3 – social historic listing and age are very strongly and moderately loaded on factor 3 explain 9.33% of the variance age is negatively loaded - as buildings age they are more likely to be adapted. can be described as social attributes. aesthetics is weakly loaded, relates to building appearance (buildings having a poor appearance; outmoded or outdated are less likely to be adapted). aesthetics is the related to age and historic listing.

14. Conclusions Two primary findings from the PCA. 1. Three defined and readily interpreted factors (table 4). 2. The PCA has correlated variables that previous studies identified as being separate and distinct (Blakstad 2001; Kucik 2004; Arge 2005) which indicates that the relationship between building adaptation and building attributes is more complex than previously considered.

15. Final comments No research has investigated such a large number of events The research questions have been answered The importance of a small number of building attributes is found to influence adaptation to a high degree (73.98% of adaptation is explained by 12 attributes). These findings begin to place important parts of the adaptation jigsaw in place. Through the enhanced understanding of the patterns of commercial building adaptation, it is possible to strategically plan and target policy making to optimise efforts to deliver the 38% reductions in building related greenhouse gas emissions and the objectives of the 1200 buildings program.