1. Slide 9.1 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Chapter 9 Tourism and development planning

2. Slide 9.2 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Learning Objectives of this Lecture To understand how tourism fits into the general theories of economic development To recognise the importance of integrated tourism planning and development, development planning layers and the role of the community To be able to identify characteristics of the tourism product that have implications for tourism planning and development; and To provide an outline of the major steps involved in the tourism planning and development process.

3. Slide 9.3 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Tourism and economic development theories The classical theory of economic stagnation Marx’s historical approach Rostow’s identification of stages of economic growth Vicious circles of demand/supply and investment Balanced and unbalanced growth theories Theories of dependence

4. Slide 9.4 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors English classical theory of economic stagnation influenced by Newtonian physics with its belief that life was never random and was ordered by some Grand Design assumes no technological progress output was constrained by the scarcity of land, and the law of diminishing returns assumes the long term wage rate, the natural wage rate, is at the subsistence level

5. Slide 9.5 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Marx’s historical approach to development a dynamic view of development, changing technology, enhanced organization of production and the development of human skills relies upon there being a conflict of the objectives held by capitalists and those held by the proletariat

6. Slide 9.6 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Rostow’s theory of growth and development Identifies five stages of development: –The (pre-industrial) traditional society –The pre-conditions for economic take-off –Economic take-off –Self-sustained drive towards maturity –The age of mass consumption The theory implicitly assumes that development today will mirror the development process that was experienced by today’s developed countries

7. Slide 9.7 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Vicious circles of demand/supply and investment countries are poor because they always have been can be examined from either the demand side or the supply side. For example from the demand side: – if a country is poor then the levels of income will be low –the level of demand for goods and services will also be low – no incentive for entrepreneurs to invest –amount of capital per worker remains low –productivity remains low – this sustains the link between low income and low demand

8. Slide 9.8 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Balanced and unbalanced growth approaches These theories are variants of a theme and relate to whether development occurs across all sectors or whether there is development in a few leading sectors that will act as a catalyst for development across the economy as a whole Main argument is tied into whether it is possible to overcome inertia by developing just a few sectors Tourism affects many sectors and is a good lead sector

9. Slide 9.9 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Dependency theory of development Suggests that the ability of an economy to achieve autonomous development is determined by its dependency upon other capitalist countries The more dependent an economy is the less likely it will be to achieve development Based on colonial experiences

10. Slide 9.10 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors The development theories and tourism’s role Table 9.1 The role for tourism in major development theories

11. Slide 9.11 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Tourism and development Tourism product characteristics Tourism as a means of wealth redistribution Tourism as a labour-intensive industry The structure of the tourism industry Protectionism Multitude of industries Price flexibility Seasonality High operating leverage/fixed costs

12. Slide 9.12 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Different planning layers International tourism planning National tourism planning Regional/local tourism planning

13. Slide 9.13 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Figure 9.4 The key stages of the tourist development planning process

14. Slide 9.14 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors The tourism development planning process Study recognition and preparation Setting of objectives or goals for the strategy Survey of existing data Implementation of new surveys Analyses Policy and plan formulation Recommendations Implementation of the plan Monitoring and reformulation

15. Slide 9.15 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors The development plan team market analysts physical planners economists environmental scientists infrastructure engineers transport engineers social scientists draughtsmen and designers legal experts

16. Slide 9.16 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Five Phases of the Plan Identification and inventory of the existing situation Forecasts for the future Plan formulation Specific project development Implementation

17. Slide 9.17 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Tourism development planning: when it goes wrong Design stage plan failure Figure 9.5 Basic tourism development plan

18. Slide 9.18 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Tourism development planning: when it goes wrong (cont’d) Implementation stage plan failure Figure 9.6 Modified basic development plan

19. Slide 9.19 Cooper et al: Tourism: Principles and Practice, 3e Pearson Education Limited 2005, © retained by authors Conclusion Tourism fits well into the various economic development theories The successful development of tourism requires the construction of a development plan or strategy that is flexible and thorough The issue of ‘sustainability’ is no more than sound planning Plan failure is likely to be attributable to failures at either the design or implementation stage Constant monitoring and reformulation is vital It is important that authorities have contingency plans in place to deal with unexpected events that may knock the tourism strategy off course