1. December 7, 2009 BReading Ch. 14 BFinal Exam date: TU, Dec. 15 Material covered: Ch. 13, 14, 15, 16(?) + movie Lab-Created Artificial Pork a Reality, Bacon Fans Ready for the Apocalypse Scientists in the Netherlands have created the world's first and only artificial pork. Scientists pulled out their meat from extracted pig cells called "myoblasts" that were incubated in nutrients, multiplied and formed into delicious fake bacon. What's next on their to-do list? Using those same pig cells to form artificial "Baconnaise" to glob on top of the artificial meat. But we're not quite there yet, folks. Scientists aren't sure how the meat tastes since they aren't allowed to eat their own experiments -- still, the new discovery has the potential to eradicate world hunger by eliminating the need for vast production, while also reducing American obesity by completely turning them off of meat altogether.

2. Caudipteryx Saurischians (lizard-hipped) BSauropods Giant herbivores  Brachiosaurus  Apatosaurus (“Brontosaurus”) http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/wwd/brachiosaurus.html http://blogevolved.blogspot.com/2009/09/sauropods-in-art.html http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/gallery/diorama.php?image=1&p=forest&a=sino BTheropods Carnivores  Tyrannosaurus  Caudipteryx Ancestors of birds Guanlong wucaii

3. Dino-to-Bird BTransitional fossils Archaeopteryx Limusaurus http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12d.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/microraptor/prod-04.html http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/18/2601531.htm http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/2469/earliest-dinosaur-feathers-shed-light-avian-development Archaeopteryx Limusaurus

4. Ornithischians (bird-hipped) BArmored Stegosaurus Ankylosaurus BDuck billed Hadrosaurus BRimmed head Triceratops http://www.ftschool.org/fourth/s_studies/sg.unit3.html http://www.geologicresources.com/dinosaur_place.html Hadrosaurus Ankylosaurus

5. Pterosaurs (Flying Reptiles) BInitially bird sized gliders Likely rode on updrafts BLargest in Cretaceous Ex: Quetzalcoatlus http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/archosauria.html http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/dinosaurs/gallery/diorama.php?image=1&p=forest&a=sino Jeholopterus Pterandon

6. Evolution of Mammals BEvolved from synapsids (mammal-like reptiles) BSkeletal distinctions: Middle ear--3 bones Lower jaw--1bone Teeth were differentiated Palate http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/acolvil/dino_reptile.html http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib173/lectures/lecture3/173-jaws.html http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~rhmiller/chordates2/Chordates2.htm http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00016D38-9B8F-11E5-9B8F83414B7F0000 Repenomamus

7. Evolution of Mammals BEgg layers Monotremes (Platypus) http://www.australianfauna.com/platypus.php BLive birth Marsupials (pouched)  Premature births  Safer for mom Placentals  Birth when ready  Mom at risk

8. K/T Extinction B3rd largest Wiped out ~1/4-1/2 life http://we.vub.ac.be/~dglg/Web/Claeys/Chicxulub/Chixproject.html BPuzzling evidence: Marine environment  Total loss of ammonites & reptiles (both in decline)  Tropical groups hit hard –Water cooling and regressing Land environment  Decline of angiosperms  Dinosaurs in decline  Not affected –Mammals--placentals became dominant –Turtles, snakes, lizards

9. Extinction Hypotheses BImpact hypothesis Based on iridium anomaly Chicxulub crater Global cooling, acid rain, fires http://we.vub.ac.be/~dglg/Web/Claeys/Chicxulub/Chixproject.html http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/VIIB1dMassExtinctions.shtml http://www.geo.uu.nl/ngv/geonieuws/images/600q.jpg BVolcanic hypothesis Gigantic lava floods in India, Brazil Ash and CO 2 production BRegression Altered habitats, climate

11. Cenozoic Era BRemaining 65 my Only 1.5% of time BBetter fossil record More divisions http://hoopermuseum.earthsci.carleton.ca/evolution/equidae/cenozoicera.html

12. Cenozoic Climate BEarly greenhouse climate http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/ecol438/lect07.html http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/colloquia/20050121.htm http://www7430.nrlssc.navy.mil/7432/hydrates/background.htm BPaleocene warm peak Evidence  Oxygen isotopes  Leaf features  Cold water extinctions Cause  Methane hydrates

13. Cenozoic Climate BCooling events throughout Cenozoic Steady decline of temperature BCauses? Plate tectonics affecting water circulation

14. Marine Cenozoic Life: Marine BWho’s gone: Rudists (reefs) Ammonites BWho took over: Scleractinians (reefs) Plankton recovered  Foraminifera –Globigerinids (bubble) BNew animals Ex: sand dollars, nummulitid foraminiferans Mammals replaced predators  Seals, walruses, whales http://www.ndc.edu/stones/s6d.jpg