1. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto The Change Laboratory A means to overcome the crisis of collective learning in educational settings? Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning CRADLE University of Helsinki Jaakko Virkkunen Prof.emer. 0

2. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE) The outline of the presentation 1 The crisis of collective learning in educational settings 2 The two basic principles of the Change Laboratory method The principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete: development through re-mediation The principle of double stimulation 3 The Change Laboratory as an instrument for re- mediating instructional practices at school 4 Change Laboratory as a platform of collaboration between researchers and practitioners 1

3. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto The crisis of collective learning in educational settings 2

4. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE) A failure of collective learning 3 Hubbard, Mehan and Stein’s (2006) conclusion about the school reform in SanDiego: "(…) a reform that began as conceptually driven was proceduralized; an approach to learning that began as student-centered became teacher-centered; a framework with many openings for the application of professional judgement became understood as scripted." The outcomes of the reform were not only unintended but represent the very opposite of its objectives. Instead of stimulating collective learning about a possible new way of working, the reform seems to have led to its stagnation.

5. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 4 In most institutions work practices are continuously developed through incremental improvements based on accumulated experience and learning. The crisis of collective learning manifests itself when this kind of learning is not good enough for meeting current challenges, in situations that call for a transformation of the concept and logic of the activity. In educational settings, the crisis manifests itself in the failed attempts for concept-level change such as the SanDiego example. Incremental vs. transformational change and learning

6. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 5 The need for concept-level change and expansive learning Experience is always tied to a specific, historically evolved understanding of an activity that is embedded in its structure. A need for concept-level change arises when the actual situation changes and does not any more correspond to the presumptions of the understanding on which the structure is based. Breaking out of the prevailing conceptions and practices in such a situation calls for expansive learning, in which the practitioners’ rise their eyes from their individual tasks to the purpose and structure of their joint activity and start to analyze and develop it collaboratively.

7. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 6 The Change Laboratory is a method and set of instruments for a work community to carry out expansive learning that is needed for concept-level change of their joint activity. The method was developed by Prof. Engeström in the early 1990s on the basis of the Developmental Work Research methodology. It is based on two fundamental principles: The principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete that is related to the idea of development through remediation (Ilyenkov,1982; Davydov, 1990) The principle of double stimulation (Vygotsky, 1987)

8. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto The principle of ascending from the abstract to the concrete 7

9. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Two forms of abstraction 8 All thinking and learning takes place by abstracting meaning from immediate sensory experience. This can take place in two different ways. Empirical abstractions are based on comparison and classification of objects on the basis on their external features and on generalizations concerning repeating relationships between objects. Theoretical abstractions are based on practical transformations, experimentation, and change of relationships in systems of interdependent elements. Theoretical abstraction captures a basic functional relationship and principle in the reality under scrutiny. (Davydov, 1990)

10. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 9 The two meanings of ‘ascending from the abstract to the concrete’ In knowledge creation: a process of breaking out of a one sided understanding based on an empirical abstraction to an understanding of the phenomenon as a moment in a developing system of interactions. In historical development: a process, in which an initially unique and isolated instance of a new functional relationship and form of interaction spreads and generalizes into an integral part of reality. This is how inventions become innovations that change societal practices.

11. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 10 The developmental dynamics of living systems cannot be captured by empirical abstraction alone H. Maturana: “A basic conceptual difficulty in understanding living, self regenerating and self developing systems arises from our habit to think in terms of ”causes” that blinds us from the spontaneous nature of life processes. Explanations should instead be based on the description of the generative mechanisms that produce and change the structure of the system.” Maturana’s critique concerns the use of empirical abstractions about linear causal relationships in biology but it applies also to the understanding of cultural systems of human activity. Re-mediation of relationships of interaction within a system is a central “generative mechanism” that changes their structures.

12. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 11 Development through mediation of contradictions Vygotsky’s great insights was that human action is culturally mediated. Each cultural mediator has been at a time an innovative new way to resolve or manage a restrictive contradiction within an existing form of human activity. As Latour (1996) puts it, a mediator is not completely a cause nor a consequence but ties two phenomena together into a process of co-evolution. A new mediator creates a new functional relationship of interaction that can spread and eventually lead to the transformation of the existing structure.

13. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 12 An object or process that comprises in itself the polar aspects of a contradiction can be used as a mediator to resolve the contradiction or make it manageable by uniting the opposites into a process of co-evolution. Mediating a contradiction

14. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 13 An example: re-mediating the interaction between teachers and students at a Finnish middle school Based on Engeström, Engeström, Suntio, 2002

15. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 14 “The final project allowed the students and forced the teachers to operate beyond and across encapsulated school subjects and work on a long-term basis. The final project introduced work motivated by the pride of achieving something beyond the demands of the curriculum, but offered the students also a change to enhance their grades.” Engeström, Engeström, Suntio, 2002 The new form of interaction challenged the prevailing structure of the activity

16. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 15 Two strategies of school development 1 A strategy based primarily on causal thinking and empirical generalizations (USA, UK): high stakes testing competition economic rewards and punishments 2 A strategy based primarily on mediating the contradiction between unified instruction and students’ varying needs (Finland): teachers’ collaborative planning of instruction an elaborate set of instruments and cross-professional collaboration in diagnosing learning problems elaborate system of remedial teaching and support of students’ learning Sahlman,2010; Miettinen, 2013

17. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Ascending from the abstract to the concrete can be understood as the process of identifying a contradiction in a system, finding a mediator that resolves it or allows to manage it better, and generalizing the use of the new form of functional interaction based on the new mediator. 16

18. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE) 17 Ascending from the abstract to the concrete takes place by taking expansive learning actions Davydov, 1990, Engeström,1999 The Change Laboratory is a workshop in which the practitioners can take jointly expansive learning actions initially in collaboration with an external researcher-interventionist.

19. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto The principle of double stimulation 18

20. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Double stimulation: from an experimental method into a theoretical generalization 19 Vygotsky saw that the double stimulation method Sakharov had used in studying concept formation demonstrated the principle of how human beings can intentionally break out of a contradictory situation, change their circumstances, or solve difficult problems. The first stimulus is a challenging problem. The second stimulus is an external artefact which the subject turns into a sign, a psychological tool, by filling it with a meaning that is related to the problem situation. With the help of the second stimulus the subject gains control of his/her action and a new understanding of the problem situation.

21. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 20 A chain of double stimulation processes The two phases in d ouble stimulation and the emergence of agentive action Vygotsky 1997, Engeström, Sannino, 2011

22. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 21 Double stimulation creates a new layer of causality in human action 1.Causal layer: Individuals base their actions on generalizations concerning causal relationships. 2.Contradictory layer: In collective work activities, individuals are often driven by contradictory motives and pressures and can act in unpredictable ways when trying to find a resolution. 3.Agentive layer: People can proceed from the contradictory situation to taking transformative actions by inventing and using artefacts to control their behaviour from the outside. (Engeström, 2011)

23. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 22 The Change Laboratory as an instrument for re-mediating instructional practices at school

24. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE) The layout and instruments of the Change Laboratory 23

25. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 24 The model of the basic structure of human activity as a second stimulus The model can be used as an instrument for contextualizing the problems that individuals encounter in their work in the historically evolved structure of their joint activity and for finding the systemic causes of the problems as inner contradictions within the system.

26. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 25 An example of a systemic cause of disturbances

27. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 26 The Change Laboratory Process in the Molefi Senior Secondary school in Botswana Virkkunen, Newnham, Nleya, Engeström, 2012

28. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Mediation of the inner contradiction in the teachers’ activity system in the Molefi school 27

29. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 28 Re-mediating the rehabilitation in a school for neurologically ill and disabled children in a Change Laboratory process Due to a change in the division of labor between normal schools and special schools the school received more severely ill and disabled children than before and had to provide a greater variety of special therapies. Virkkunen & Tenhunen, 2010

30. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto FINNISH MIDDLE SCOOL Engeström, Suntio 2002) SCHOOL FOR HANDI- CAPPED & NEURO- LOGICALLY ILL Virkkunen & Tenhunen 2010 SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL IN BOTSWANA Virkkunen et al. 2012. 29 Center for Research on Activity, Development and Learning (CRADLE) FIRST STIMULI CREATED SECOND STIMULI THE FINAL PROJECT: STUDENTS’ LONG TERM CREATIVE WORK SUPPORTED BY SEVERAL TEACHERS SHORT, MEDIUM, AND LONG TERM VISIONS OF THE FUTURE OF THE SCHOOL MAKING STUDENTS’ DAILY ACTIVITIES REHABILITATIVE NEW TEAM-BASED ORGANIZATION, INTENSIFIED COLLABORATION WITH PARENTS ”DIALOGICAL STUDY PLANNING”, PROCEDURE CO-TEACHING SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING NEW POLICIES The two basic principles of CL in the three cases CONTRA- DICTION DISTUR- BANCES AND LACK OF TIME FOR THERAPY AND TEACHING STUDENT MOTIATION, UNDER PERFORMING STUDENTS, STUDENTS’ SOCIAL PROBLEMS STUDENTS’ APATHY STUDENTS AS APATHETIC VS. AS ENERGETIC STUDENTS’ HOLISTIC REHABILITATION VS. FRAGMENTED THERAPIES AND TEACHING UNIFIED INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES VS. INCREASINGLY HETEROGENEOUS STUDENT GROUPS MEDIATION OF THE CONTRADICTION FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN ANOTHER CL FOCUSING ON INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND THE USE OF ICTS TRANSFORMING THE ACTIVITY SYSTEM REORGANIZATION OF THE WHOLE ACTIVITY ON THE BASIS OF THE NEW PRINCIPLE VISION OF THE FUTURE FORM OF THE ACTIVITY LOOSELY ARTICULATED IDEA OF A ”COMMUNITY DEVELOPING SCHOOL” ?

31. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Summary of the three school cases In all the three cases, the mirror of practice led the practitioners to question their empirical abstractions concerning the students as the object of their activity and to a search for a more concrete way of constructing students as objects of their work. In all cases the Change Laboratory produced a view of the systemic cause of the practitioners’ daily problems as an inner contradiction in their activity system. It also produced a principle of mediating the contradiction and instrumental second stimuli for the transformation of the activity system. 30

32. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 31 Progress of the expansive learning process in the three schools The progress in ”ascending to the concrete” from the model of mediating the contradiction varied and was related to the length of the collaboration between the researchers the school.

33. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 32 The Change Laboratory as a microcosm for a new kind of collective learning at schools

34. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 33 Change Laboratory as a platform of collaboration between researchers and practitioners In their review of four major school reform projects Confrey, et al. (2001) conclude, that building a fruitful collaboration between researchers and school practitioners takes at least five years reform of school education should be viewed as a ‘stepwise’ process, in which advances alternate with periods of reflection and consolidation In a Change Laboratory process the practitioners carry out a cycle of expansive learning with the support of researchers. The transformation of the activity calls, however, a chain of several cycles of expansive learning.

35. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Stepwise expansion in the Finnish middle school In the first Change Laboratory in the Finnish middle school, the teachers brake away from a generalized negative view of students and created a new form of working with them in the last school year A year later they initiated another Change Laboratory process, in which they focused on instructional practices and use of computers as students’ instruments in learning. The teachers planned new thematic units, video recorded their realization, and evaluated them with the students, and developed them further. 34

36. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto A two dimensional model was used as an instrument when evaluating experimental units of instruction and the direction of change in instruction 35 Engeström, Engeström & Suntio 2002b Students were involved in the second Change Laboratory as active members The natural next step would be a Boundary Crossing Change Laboratory with parents and members of the community

37. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto The potential of the Change Laboratory in helping to overcome the crisis of collective learning lies in the way it supports practitioners’ collaborative, theoretically oriented analysis of their activity, builds their joint transformative agency in experimenting with new solutions and carrying out concept-level change of their activity. The Change Laboratory can function as a microcosm of this new kind of collaborative learning over traditional boundaries in schools and as a platform for developmental collaboration between researchers and practitioners. 36 Conclusions

38. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Thank you for your attention! 37

39. www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto 38 References Confrey, J., Lemke, J.,L., Marshall, J., & Sabelli, N., (2001). Conference on Models of Implementation Research in Science and Mathematics Instruction in Urban Schools (Austin, TX, University of Texas). Davydov, V.V. (1990). Types of generalization in instruction: Logical and psychological problems in the structuring of school curricula. Reston VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Engeström, Y. (1999). Innovative learning in work teams: Analyzing cycles of knowledge creation in practice. In Y. Engeström, R. Miettinen, & R.-L. Punamäki (Eds.), Perspectives on Activity Theory (pp. 377-406). New York: Cambridge University Press. Engeström, Y., Engeström, R., & Suntio, A. (2002a) Can a School Community Learn to Master its Own Future? An Activity- Theoretical Study of Expansive Learning Among Middle School Teachers. In G. Wells and G. Claxton (Eds.), Learning for Life in the 21st Century: Sociocultural Perspectives on the Future of Education (pp. 211–224). Oxford : Blackwell. Engeström, Y., Engesröm, R., & Suntio, A. (2002b). From paralyzing myths to expansive action: Building computer-supported knowledge work into the curriculum from below. In G. Stahl (Ed.), Computer support for collaborative learning: Foundations for a CSCL community. (pp. 211-224). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. Engeström, Y., & Sannino, A. (2011). Volition and agency in organizations: An activity-theoretical perspective. Paper presented in the conference of Association International de management Stratégique AIMS) in Nantes, France, on June 9, 2011. Latour, B. (1996). Social theory and the study of computerized work places. In W.J. Orlikowski, G. Walsham, & M.R. Jones (Eds.), Information Technology and Changes in Organizational World (pp. 295-307). London: Chapman & Hall. Hubbard, L., Mehan, H., & Stein, M. K. (2006). Reform as learning: School reform, organizational culture, and community politics in San Diego. New York: Routledge. Miettinen, R. (2013). Innovation, human capabilities, and democracy. Towards an enabling wellfare state. Oxford: Oxfprd University Press. Sahlberg, P. (2010). Finnish lessons. What can the world learn from educational change in Finland. New York: Teachers College Press. Tolman, C. (1981). The metaphysic of relations in Klaus Riegel’s “Dialectics” of Human development. Human Development 24, 33–51. Vygotsky, L.S. (1986). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Vygotsky, L.S. (1997). The instrumental method in psychology. In The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky. Vol. 3. Problems of the theory and history of psychology (pp. 85-90). New York: Plenum. Virkkunen, J., Newnham, D. S., Nleya, P., & Engeström, R. ( 2012). Breaking the vicious circle of categorizing students in school. Learning, Culture, and Social Interaction 1(3–4), pp. 153-258. Virkkunen, J., & Tenhunen, E. (2010). Finding a Concept that Integrates Specialists’ Know-How – The Case of Special School for Handicapped and Neurologically Ill Children. Actio - International Journal of Human Activity Theory 3, 1-23.