1. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 1 Building Taxonomies Part 3 Alice Redmond-Neal Access Innovations, Inc. Enterprise Search Summit New York City, May 21, 2006

2. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 2 Build a taxonomy – simple steps Get paper and pencil –Sharpen pencil Define subject field Collect terms Organize terms Fill in gaps Flesh out and interrelate terms You’re done!

3. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 3 Define subject field Review representative collection of content Determine: –Core areas –Peripheral topics Psychology Education Sociology Law Scope can be modified later

4. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 4 Before you go on: Build or buy? Survey existing thesaurus/taxonomy resources for your domain Test for –Scope –Depth Make-or-break terms –Cost Don’t reinvent the wheel!

5. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 5 Collect terms Your documents and databases Departmental terminology Text books and their indexes (indices) Book tables of contents and indexes Journal quarterly indexes Encyclopediae Lexicons, glossaries on the topic Web resources Users and experts Search logs

6. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 6 Gather terms from search logs Beyond the Spider: The Accidental Thesaurus (Richard Wiggins, Information Today, Oct 2002) Top ~100 search terms from search logs Match to web site with appropriate answer Basis for favorites or best bets, presented at the top of results list. (AKA behavior-based taxonomy) Not a thesaurus or taxonomy, but still a useful source of terms.

7. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 7 Organize terms – roughly Sort terms into several major categories – logical groups of similar concepts as Top Terms –Identify core areas and peripheral topics –10 – 20 to start –Consider moving proper names to authority files Result: loose collection of terms under several main headings –Rough and tentative – see how it fits as you go –Initial gap analysis –Add / modify / delete as needed

8. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 8 Labelling a concept – cognitive linguistics Most-used labels are middle in range from abstract to specific --- relates to search Linguistic universal – true across cultures Unique beginner Life form Generic Specific Varietal Insurance Health insurance Group health insurance Practical application?

9. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 9 Craft the Top Terms Toughest job and most important step! Dictates further organization Determines how browsers/searchers perceive the taxonomy –Coverage –Formality Establish the concept first, tweak the wording later

10. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 10 The term record Main Term (MT) Top Term (TT) Broader Terms (BT) Narrower Terms (NT) Related Terms (RT) –See also (SA) Scope Note (SN) History (H) NonPreferred Term (NP) –Used for (UF), See (S) see Lexicographer’s lexicon = subject term, heading, node, category, descriptor, class TAXONOMY THESAURUS

11. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 11 Usefulness of a term – the “duh” factor Some terms are so basic for a domain that they have little or no value –“Sports” in Sports Illustrated –“Technology” in Technology Review –“Golf” in Golf Magazine How useful will the term be for indexing? –Apply to everything in the domain? –Distinguish important concepts? –If term is needed, specify limited use conditions in Scope Note

12. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 12 Hierarchy structures – variations on a theme Not pre-determined –Wines  type  variety  region  cost –Or Wines  cost  type…. Varies by user group and needs –May have multiple views of same content –Standard alpha view or customized notation Affects information architecture, i.e. how web site functions

13. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 13 How do terms relate? Hierarchical relationships -- Parents and their children Equivalence relationships -- Aliases Associative relationships -- Cousins TAXONOMY THESAURUS

14. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 14 Hierarchical relationships Broader Term represents the category Narrower Term represents the specific Three types: –Generic relationship (BTG/NTG) –Whole-part relationship (BTP/NTP) –Instance relationship (BTI/NTI) BTs/NTs have a reciprocal relationship

15. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 15 Broader to Narrower Terms Gubernatorial elections Politics Elections Presidential elections Mayoral elections Generic Specific Varietal

16. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 16 Hierarchy – Generic (genus-species) relationship Inheritance or inclusion – what’s true of the parent (BT) is true for all children (NTs) Applies to entities, actions, properties, agents – not just biological taxonomies ValueTeachersThinking Cultural value Adult educators Contemplation Economic value School teachers Divergent thinking Moral value Special ed teachers Lateral thinking Social value Student teachers Reasoning

17. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 17 Generic relationship test – 1 Both terms in same fundamental category “All-and-some” test SOMEALL SOMENOT ALL Rodents Squirrels Pests Squirrels

18. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 18 Generic relationship test – 2 Pests Squirrels Rodents ALL squirrels are rodents x NOT ALL squirrels are pests x NOT ALL pests are rodents

19. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 19 Hierarchy – Whole-part relationship Also known as meronymy or partonomy Four types allowed in thesaurus standards –Body systems and organs Ear  Middle ear –Geographical locations Bernalillo County  Albuquerque –Fields of study Geology  Physical geology –Hierarchical organizational/corporate/social/political structures Diocese  Parish

20. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 20 Hierarchy – Instance relationship General category (common noun) = BT Individual example (proper noun) = NT SeasNew York museums Baltic Sea Guggenheim Museum Caspian Sea Museum of Modern Art Mediterranean Sea Museum of Natural History Essentially identical to “final node” in taxonomies. Best practice: long list  move to authority file

21. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 21 Polyhierarchical relationship Term can logically fit under more than one Broader Term – can have Multiple Broader Terms (MBT) New to ANSI/NISO standards SpoonsForks Sporks NursesHealth administrators Nurse administrators FinanceCareers Accounting

22. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 22 Equivalence relationship Preferred Term –Thesaurus term and valid for indexing –Thesaurus notation: USE NonPreferred Term –Not valid for indexing –An alias or imposter –Entry point, directs user to Preferred Term –Thesaurus notation: UF or NPT SpidersPlant pathology UF Arachnids USE Phytopathology

23. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 23 Equivalence – when to use Synonyms, slang, quasi-synonyms Scientific and trade names –IbubrofenUF Motrin™ Lexical variants –Fiber opticsUF Fibre optics –MouseUF Mice Upward posting of narrow concepts not specified in taxonomy or thesaurus –Social classUF Elite, Middle class, Working class Get equivalent terms from search logs, brainstorming…

24. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 24 Associative relationship Related Terms (RTs) ~ cousins “…terms related conceptually but not hierarchically, and are not part of an equivalence set” (i.e. not synonyms) –Should siblings be Related Terms?? Both terms are valid thesaurus terms for indexing, and have reciprocal relationship Expands user’s awareness, reflects thesaurus coverage of unanticipated areas Standards describe specific types (see Lexicon)

25. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 25 Sibling rivalry and facets Format and sense of sibling terms should be consistent If siblings don’t coexist well, separate them Subdivide large groups of terms into facets, mutually exclusive subcategories Growing demand with faceted navigation Facet examples –Properties, Materials, Agents, Actions, Influence –Objects, Styles and periods, Color, Shape (Art & Architecture Thesaurus)

26. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 26 Faceted classification Pharmaceuticals –(by action) Anti-inflammatory agents… –(by chemical structure) Alkaloids… –(by indication) Pain… –(by use) Immunosuppression… Facet indicators (aka Node labels), not to be used for indexing

27. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 27 Faceting challenge Paint –Oil paint –High-gloss paint –Interior paint –Matte paint –Latex paint –Semi-gloss paint –Exterior paint Propose facet indicators and subgroup these paint varieties into facets.

28. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 28 Do you agree? Paint –(by type) Oil paint Latex paint –(by use) Interior paint Exterior paint –(by surface) High-gloss paint Matte paint Semi-gloss paint

29. Copyright © 2006 Access Innovations, Inc. 29 Scope Notes (SN) Indicate meaning of the term in the context of this thesaurus, for this audience –Stress – Metal, Psychological, Physiological Indicate any restriction in meaning Indicate range of topics covered Provide direction for indexers; for terms often confused, may suggest an alternative term Use only as needed – not for every term Establish and stick with consistent format Be concise