1. WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT YOUTHFUL AND AGEING POPULATIONS? Population control policies

2. ANTI-NATALIST POLICIES In order to control youthful populations In order to control youthful populations Mostly relate to birth control education Mostly relate to birth control education

3. INDIA In the 1970’s the government enforced a policy of sterilization of rural males who already had a number of children In the 1970’s the government enforced a policy of sterilization of rural males who already had a number of children Very controversial and led to political upheaval and was abandoned Very controversial and led to political upheaval and was abandoned

4. Has led to a policy of financial incentives to promote sterilization Has led to a policy of financial incentives to promote sterilization Government agencies set quotas for sterilization among employees with more than two children. Government agencies set quotas for sterilization among employees with more than two children. Drawbacks are the issue of how voluntary it is and how it can lead to corrupting practices. Drawbacks are the issue of how voluntary it is and how it can lead to corrupting practices.

5. China One child policy One child policy Until 2005, couples were only allowed one child per couple, exceptions were made in rural areas Until 2005, couples were only allowed one child per couple, exceptions were made in rural areas System of incentives and penalties (financial and social) System of incentives and penalties (financial and social)

6. Many drawbacks Led to an increase in abortions, especially of female fetuses Led to an increase in abortions, especially of female fetuses Led to increase in female infanticide Led to increase in female infanticide Led to more orphans, especially girls Led to more orphans, especially girls Led to an imbalance in the male/female ratio Led to an imbalance in the male/female ratio

7. Changes in China’s population structure

8. THAILAND “Mr. Condom” - educational and social service promotion campaign by the ministry of health and education. “Mr. Condom” - educational and social service promotion campaign by the ministry of health and education. Free condoms were distributed nation- wide Free condoms were distributed nation- wide

9. Benefits were far reaching Dramatic reduction in birth rates Dramatic reduction in birth rates General rise in living standards General rise in living standards

10. Indonesia “ dua anak cucup “ campaign “ dua anak cucup “ campaign

11. Promotional poster campaign to stop at two children Promotional poster campaign to stop at two children Mobile clinics to educate people about family planning in rural areas Mobile clinics to educate people about family planning in rural areas Led to major decreases in fertility rates Led to major decreases in fertility rates

12. Pro- natalist policies To increase birth rates To increase birth rates To reduce the effects of an ageing population To reduce the effects of an ageing population

13. Sweden Generous maternity and paternity leaves Generous maternity and paternity leaves Free child care Free child care Child-raising allowance Child-raising allowance Generous insurance policies Generous insurance policies

14. France Extension of maternity leave Extension of maternity leave Cash benefits if stopping work in order to raise third child Cash benefits if stopping work in order to raise third child Generous “allocations familiales” & reductions in fees for public services Generous “allocations familiales” & reductions in fees for public services

15. Singapore Stop at three advertising campaign Stop at three advertising campaign Promotion of marriage – government funded dating services Promotion of marriage – government funded dating services

16. Promote migration from developing countries? A very controversial issue……. A very controversial issue…….