2.  Military chief exercised power in the empire and usually controlled fort and had armed supporters.  These chiefs often moved from one area to another and looking for fertile land to settle.  These chief were known as Nayakas, that spoke Telugu or Kannada.  They often rebelled and had to be subdued by military action

3. The Amar nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijaynagara empire. Some feature of the system were derived from the Iqta system of the Delhi Sultanate.

4.  Amar Nayakas were military commanders who were given territories by the Raya. They collected taxes from Peasants, craftsperson's and the Traders in the area.  They retained some part of the revenue for personal use and for maintaining of horses and elephants.

5.  The Amara Nayakas sent tribute to the king annually and personally appeared in the court with gifts to express their loyalty.  Kings some time showed their control over them by transferring them from one place to another.  By the 17 th CE many Nayakas established independent kingdoms.

6. 3.1 WATER RESOURCES

7.  The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the Natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra which flow in the north- east direction.  A number of streams flow down to the river from these rocky hills

8.  The Embankments were built along side these streams to create reservoirs of different sizes.  This area is in the most arid zones so the arrangements had to be made to store the rain water and conduct it to the city  In the 15 th CE the most important tank was built called KAMALPURAM TANK. this tank was used to irrigated the near by fields and conducted to the Royal centre

9.  One of the most important water works can be seen as the ruins of the Hiriya Canal.  This canal drew water from a dam across the TUNGABHADRA and irrigated the cultivated valley that separated the ‘ Sacred centre ” from the “ Urban core ”