1. Demographic and environmental impacts
Columbian Exchange
Demographic and environmental impacts

2. Is it an important subject for WHAP?
2005 COT Analyze the social and economic transformations that occurred in the Atlantic world as a result of new contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas from 1492 to 1750.
2006 DBQ Using the documents, analyze the social and economic effects of the global flow of silver from the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century. Explain how another type of document would help you analyze the effects of the flow of silver bullion in this period
2007 COMP Within the period from 1450 to 1800, compare the processes (e.g., political, social, economic) of empire building in the Spanish Empire with the empire-building processes in ONE of the following.
The Ottoman Empire OR the Russian Empire
2009 COMP For the period from 1500 to 1830, compare North American racial ideologies and their effects on society with Latin American/Caribbean racial ideologies and their effects on society.
2010 COT Describe and explain continuities and changes in religious beliefs and practices in ONE of the following regions from 1450 to the present. Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America/Carribean
2012 COMP Compare demographic and environmental effects of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas with the Columbian Exchange’s demographic and environmental effects on ONE of the following regions between 1492 and Africa, Asia, Europe
2014 COT Analyze continuities and changes in the ways ONE of the following regions participated in interregional trade during the period circa 1500 to 1750.
Latin America, including the Caribbean
Sub-Saharan Africa
Southeast Asia

3. Read and write impacts on posterboard for group notes
Group 1- Americas
Group 2- Africa
Group 3- Europe
Group 4- Asia
Group 5- Pos and negative impacts

4. Impact on Native Americans
Europeans were learning of the profitability of the plantation system – relying on what?
Economic benefit of using local forced labor
Disease – Europeans, unknowingly brought measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus and others.
The local people had no built-up natural immunity to these diseases yet.

5. Impact on Africans
With decline of native work force, labor was needed from elsewhere.
Slave trade exploded, especially in W. Africa
Over the next 300 years ( ) appx 10 million people were taken

6. Impact on Europeans
Europeans began to cross the Atlantic creating one of the largest voluntary migrations in world history.
Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in Europe causing conflict.
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (Spain Vs. Portugal)
Growth of trade markets completely changed the world
FOREVER!

7. The Columbian Exchange
Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas.
Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.
Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
Plants, animals developed in very different ways in hemispheres
Europeans—no potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkeys
People in Americas—no coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
The Exchange of Goods
Arrival of Europeans in Americas changed all this
Previously unknown foods taken back to Europe
Familiar foods brought to Americas by colonists
Sharing Discoveries
The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.

10. Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Different Foods
Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Economics and Gastronomics
Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World
Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes
Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks

11. The Exchange can be positive or negative in its effects
In the exchange that started along the coast of Newfoundland and was made widespread by Columbus, disease was the most negative for the Native American population
Fatality rate over a period of two to three generations was 95% for many tribal groups
In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the fatality rate could be 100 percent

12. Europeans believed that it was God’s will that Indians died
No germ theory at the time of contact.
Illness in Europe was considered to be the consequence of sin
Indians, who were largely “heathen” or non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus subject to illness as a punishment

13. The Introduction of New Diseases
Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases
Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions
Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans
Devastating Impact
Native American population continued to decline for centuries
Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600
North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 in 1900—but disease not only factor in decrease of population
Intermittent warfare, other violence also contributed

14. Old World Diseases European disease was particularly virulent
Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and influenza were the most common diseases
Nearly all of the European diseases were communicable by air and touch.
The pathway of these diseases was invisible to both Indians and Europeans

15. Effects Widespread
Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in Europe, Americas
China
Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population grow tremendously
Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
Africa
Two native crops of Americas—corn, peanuts—still among most widely grown
Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grown in world are of American origin

16. Mercantilism New Economic Policy Intense Competition
Founding of colonies, new goods in Europe led to significant changes
1500s, Europeans developed new economic policy, mercantilism
Nation’s strength depended on its wealth
Wealthy nation had power for military and expanded influence
New Economic Policy
Wealth measured by amount of gold, silver possessed by nation
Mercantilists believed there was fixed amount of wealth in world
For one nation to become wealthier, more powerful—had to take wealth, power away from another nation
Mercantilism led to intense competition between nations
Intense Competition

17. Balance of Trade Imports Exports Mercantilists built wealth two ways—
extract gold, silver from mines at home, in colonies;
sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries, creating favorable balance of trade
With favorable balance of trade, country received more gold, silver from other nations than it paid to them
Increased its power; weakened foreign competitors
To achieve favorable balance of trade, could reduce amount of imports by placing tariffs on goods
Importer paid tariff, added cost to price of good
Imported goods more expensive, discouraged people from buying
Imports
Encourage exports that could sell for higher prices than raw materials
Countries encouraged manufacturing and export of manufactured goods
Governments provided subsidies to help start new industries
Exports

18. Controlling Sources Third approach for favorable balance of trade,
Nation that controlled own sources would not need to import from competing nations
Why important
Country did not need to spend own money to obtain raw materials
Foreign countries considered rivals, might become active enemy, cut off supply of raw materials
European nations worked to become more self-sufficient
Nations began to establish colonies

20. Building colonial empires essential to mercantilist system
Colonies
Building colonial empires essential to mercantilist system
European powers wanted to establish colonies
To control sources of raw materials
To provide new markets for manufactured goods
To mercantilist, colonies existed only to benefit home country
Colonies
Monarchs restricted economic activities in colonies
Colonists could not sell raw materials to other countries
Could not buy manufactured goods from other nations
Strict laws forbade colonies from manufacturing goods
Forced to buy only from home country
Strict Laws

21. What were the main principles of mercantilism?
Summarize
What were the main principles of mercantilism?
Answer:
nation's strength depended upon its wealth;
needed a favorable balance of trade

22. Commercial Revolution
What: The transition (change) from Mercantilism & then to Capitalism IS the
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
When: 16th -17th centuries
Who/Where: Europeans & European countries & colonies
Why?: changes in commerce (trade) & money making methods
Changes in the power structure btwn countries
Why Care?:Influenced today’s financial dealings (the way we do business)

23. Commercial Revolution
CAUSE:
new wealth + dramatic growth in overseas trade = new business and trade practices
EFFECTS:
set the stage for the development of CAPITALISM
Basis of today’s financial practices

24. The Rise of Capitalism
Increasing trade between Europe and colonies created new business and trade practices during the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a great impact on the economies of European nations.
Individuals amassed great trade fortunes
Merchants supplied colonists with European goods
Returned products, raw materials
Overseas TRADE
In capitalism, most economic activity carried on by private individuals, organizations in order to seek profit
During this time, capitalism expanded
Capitalism Emerges
Overseas trade made many merchants rich
Wealth enabled them to invest in more business ventures
Business activity in Europe increased greatly
Increased
BUSINESS ACTIVITY

25. Rising Prices (INFLATION)
Investors took risks of investing in overseas trade because of inflation
Inflation: steady increase in prices
Demand for goods increased due to growing population, scarcity of goods; rising demand drove prices higher
Money Supply
Increase of money supply another factor in higher prices (INFLATION)
Shiploads of gold, silver flowed into Europe from Americas to be made into new coins
Over time, increase of money in circulation pushed prices for goods still higher

26. A New Business Organization
New Ventures
Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual investors
Investors began pooling money in joint-stock companies
Joint-Stock Companies
Investors bought shares of stock in company
If company made profit, each shareholder received portion
Shares
Profit, loss based on number of shares owned
If company failed, investors lost only amount invested
Financing Colonies
British East India Company, one of first joint-stock companies
1600, imported spices from Asia
Others formed to bear cost of establishing colonies

27. So… What is CAPITALISM Economic System based on:
private ownership &
investment of wealth for profit
Free Trade
Cause: overseas colonization & trade = lots of merchants getting RICH!
And… they continued to invest in trade to get RICHER (increase profits)
AND then… they re-invested more to get even RICHER!

28. Global Impacts of Columbian Exchange
Americas
Africa
Europe
Asia
Pos/neg
New foodstuffs like wheat, rice, olives, grapes, coffee, sugarcane, chili peppers
Animals-pigs, sheep, horses, goats
Christianity bought along with European style cities
Miscegenation- mixing of racial based society
Great Dying- largest population loss due to diseases brought from old world
Spanish control
Extraction of mineral resources
Deforestation
Weapons
10-14 million enslaved Africans
Plantations ( encomiendas)
African Diaspora
Sweet potatoes and Manioc increase populations
Portuguese coastal colonies for slave trade
Slave trading kingdoms like Dahomey, Asante, Kongo, Benin and Ife
Loss of males ( intensive labor on sugar plantations required male labor)
Forced migration
Introduction of guns, molasses and rum ( manufactured products from Europe for enslaved)
Separation of families due to diaspora
Many areas Christianized for Portuguese slave trade
Introduction of new foodstuffs like potatoes, tomatoes and corn
Place for overcrowded Europeans to go for opportunity ( mass emigration)
Rise of bourgeoisie class ( merchants making money off of mercantilism and capitalistic enterprises)
Syphilis ( not proven)
Boost in population
Increased use of ships (deforestation)
Rise of nation states ( Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands and England)
Wealth from mercantilism used in religious wars (30 years war)
Wealth also reinvested in stock markets 9 joint stock companies like British East India and Dutch East India CO formed)
Sweet potatoes increased Asian populations
Easy to grow corn increased population
China’s Ming Dynasty became main consumers of silver
Loss of revenue due to new markets, resources and labor
Many Asians will eventually migrate to Americas for labor
Land-locked empires have competition with European manufactured goods, markets and raw materials ( sugar, cotton, coffee, tea)
Slavery increases (neg)
New foodstuffs enrich diets (pos)
Souls are saved and Christian missionaries help educate populations (pos)
Old culture denied ( neg)
Massive destruction of environment through deforestation and mining ( neg)
Social mobility for some through the triangle trade( pos)
Reliance on slavery and other products/markets leads to diminished technology (neg)

29. Comp Thesis
From both the Americas and Africa were tied through the trans-Atlantic trade controlled by the European (Spain, Portugal, France, England, Dutch) forces, both will engage in coercive labor of slavery or indentured servitude, however, the African exposure to diseases made them less susceptible while the native Americans were succumb to smallpox and other diseases on a massive scale (Great Dying)
During the Columbian Exchange Europeans and Asians were both benefit greatly being introduced to new foodstuffs and enriching their diets, however, Europe will begin their ascension dominating the land labor and capital of the Americas while Asia will not be directly involved because of their isolation. Europe, too , will export the much needed silver and gain power that the Ming Dynasty desperately needed for their economy changing the balance of trade ( still in favor of China but not as much).